aidsВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессииHIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders2077-9828Baltic Medical Education Center10.22328/2077-9828-2018-10-1-37-46aids-319Research ArticleАНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОРANALYTICAL REVIEWАНТИРЕТРОВИРУСНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ - НОВАЯ ЭПОХА ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИИANTIRETROVIRUS THERAPY - A NEW EPOCH OF PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTIONТурсуновР. А.TursunovR. A.

к.м.н, с.н.с. и главный ученый секретарь Научно-исследовательского института профилактической медицины Таджикистана

734025, Республика Таджикистан, Душанбе, ул. Шевченко, 61

Dushanbe

trustam.art@mail.ruКанестриВ. Г.KanestriV. G.

д.м.н., с.н.с. ФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора

111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3А

kanestri@yandex.ruСимоноваЕ. Г.SimonovaE. G.

д.м.н., профессор ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» МЗ РФ; в.н.с. ФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора

119991, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2, стр. 4

simonova_e_g@mail.ruРаичичР. Р.RaichichR. R.

студентка ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» МЗ РФ

ruza657@mail.ruНаучно-исследовательский институт профилактической медицины ТаджикистанаТаджикистанResearch Institute of Preventive Medicine TajikistanTajikistanФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии» РоспотребнадзораРоссияFederal budgetary research institution «Central Research Institute of Epidemiology» of RospotrebnadzorRussian FederationФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» МЗ РФРоссияFederal budgetary research institution «Central Research Institute of Epidemiology» of Rospotrebnadzor Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» МЗ РФРоссияFederal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M.Sechenov» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian Federation2018290320181013746Copyright © Турсунов Р.А., Канестри В.Г., Симонова Е.Г., Раичич Р.Р., 20182018Турсунов Р.А., Канестри В.Г., Симонова Е.Г., Раичич Р.Р.Tursunov R.A., Kanestri V.G., Simonova E.G., Raichich R.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/319

Современная медицина, опираясь на выверенную стратегию и последовательный подход, доказала, что на сегодняшний день ВИЧ-инфекция благодаря эффективной антиретровирусной терапии превратилась из разряда неизлечимых и смертельных болезней  в нозологию, потенциально управляемую лечебно-диагностическими мероприятиями. При  этом, как показывают многочисленные исследования, достигнут не только клинический, но  и популяционный эффект. Увеличилась продолжительность жизни ВИЧ-инфицированных,  существенно улучшилось ее качество, а также снизилось число потенциальных источников  инфекции. Концепция «лечение как профилактика» на современном этапе становится неотъемлемой частью комплекса мер по борьбе с ВИЧ-инфекцией, поскольку  раннее начало антиретровирусной терапии позволяет существенно снизить риск передачи  возбудителя, а также уровень СПИД-ассоциированной заболеваемости и смертности  населения. При этом, наряду с антиретровирусной терапией, незыблемыми остаются  принципы комплексной профилактики, учитывающие современные эпидемиологические  особенности ВИЧ-инфекции.

Modern medicine, relying on a verified strategy and consistent approach, has proved that to date, HIV infection, thanks to effective antiretroviral therapy, has evolved from a category of  incurable and deadly diseases into a nosology potentially controlled  by medical and diagnostic measures. Moreover, as shown by  numerous studies, not only clinical, but also the population effect has been achieved. The life expectancy of HIV-infected people  has increased, its quality has significantly improved, and the number of potential sources of infection has decreased. The concept of  «treatment as prevention» at the present stage becomes an integral  part of the complex of measures to combat HIV infection, since the  early onset of ART can significantly reduce the risk of transmission of the pathogen, as well as the level of AIDS-associated morbidity and  mortality. In addition to ART, the principles of comprehensive prevention remain unshakable, taking into account the modern epidemiological features of HIV infection.

ВИЧ-инфекцияантиретровирусная терапия (АРВТ)концепция «лечение как профилактика»вирусная нагрузка (ВН)пандемическое распространениегруппы рискаHIV infectionantiretroviral therapy (ART)the concept of «treatment as prevention»viral load (VN)pandemic spreadat-risk groupsReferencesСтратегия ЮНЭЙДС на 2016–2021 гг.: ускорение темпов борьбы со СПИДом // URL: http://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/documents/2015/UNAIDS_PCB37_15–18. [The UNAIDS strategy for 2016–2021: accelerating AIDS. URL: http://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/documents/2015/UNAIDS_PCB37_15–18 (In Russ.)].Стратегия ЮНЭЙДС на 2016–2021 гг.: ускорение темпов борьбы со СПИДом // URL: http://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/documents/2015/UNAIDS_PCB37_15–18. [The UNAIDS strategy for 2016–2021: accelerating AIDS. URL: http://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/documents/2015/UNAIDS_PCB37_15–18 (In Russ.)].Понимание подхода ЮНЭЙДС к ускорению мер: ускорение для искоренения эпидемии СПИДа к 2030 г. // URL: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/201506_JC2743_Understanding_FastTrack_ru.pdf. [Understanding of UNAIDS approach to accelerate measures: acceleration of the eradication of the AIDS epidemic by 2030. URL: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/201506_JC2743_Understanding_FastTrack_ru.pdf (In Russ.)].Понимание подхода ЮНЭЙДС к ускорению мер: ускорение для искоренения эпидемии СПИДа к 2030 г. // URL: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/201506_JC2743_Understanding_FastTrack_ru.pdf. [Understanding of UNAIDS approach to accelerate measures: acceleration of the eradication of the AIDS epidemic by 2030. URL: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/201506_JC2743_Understanding_FastTrack_ru.pdf (In Russ.)].Проекты глобальных стратегий сектора здравоохранения ВИЧ, 2016–2021 гг. 69-я Всемирная ассамблея здравоохранения, 2016 // URL: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA69/A69_31-ru.pdf. [Draft global HIV health sector strategies, 2016–2021 69-th world health Assembly, 2016. URL: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA69/A69_31-ru.pdf (In Russ.)].Проекты глобальных стратегий сектора здравоохранения ВИЧ, 2016–2021 гг. 69-я Всемирная ассамблея здравоохранения, 2016 // URL: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA69/A69_31-ru.pdf. [Draft global HIV health sector strategies, 2016–2021 69-th world health Assembly, 2016. URL: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA69/A69_31-ru.pdf (In Russ.)].Maheu-Giroux M., Vesga J.F., Diabaté S., Alary M., Baral S., Diouf D., Abo K., Boily M.C. Population-level impact of an accelerated HIV response plan to reach the UNAIDS 90–90–90 target in Côte d’Ivoire: Insights from mathematical modeling. PLoS Med., 2017, Vol. 14 (6), pp. e1002321. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002321.Maheu-Giroux M., Vesga J.F., Diabaté S., Alary M., Baral S., Diouf D., Abo K., Boily M.C. Population-level impact of an accelerated HIV response plan to reach the UNAIDS 90–90–90 target in Côte d’Ivoire: Insights from mathematical modeling. PLoS Med., 2017, Vol. 14 (6), pp. e1002321. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002321.Mathers B.M., Cooper D.A. Integrating HIV prevention into practice. JAMA, 2014, Vol. 312 (4), pp. 349–350. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.8606.Mathers B.M., Cooper D.A. Integrating HIV prevention into practice. JAMA, 2014, Vol. 312 (4), pp. 349–350. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.8606.Granich R., Gupta S., Hersh B., Williams B., Montaner J., Young B., Zuniga J.M. Trends in AIDS Deaths, New Infections and ART Coverage in the Top 30 Countries with the Highest AIDS Mortality Burden; 1990–2013. PLoS One, 2015, Vol. 10 (7), pp. e0131353. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131353.Granich R., Gupta S., Hersh B., Williams B., Montaner J., Young B., Zuniga J.M. Trends in AIDS Deaths, New Infections and ART Coverage in the Top 30 Countries with the Highest AIDS Mortality Burden; 1990–2013. PLoS One, 2015, Vol. 10 (7), pp. e0131353. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131353.Global update on the health sector response to HIV. Geneva: WHO, July 2014, рр. 16.Global update on the health sector response to HIV. Geneva: WHO, July 2014, рр. 16.Global AIDS Update UNAIDS. New York: United Nations, 2016, 16 p.Global AIDS Update UNAIDS. New York: United Nations, 2016, 16 p.Cohen M.S., Smith M.K., Muessig K.E., Hallett T.B., Powers K.A., Kashuba A.D. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: where do we go from here? Lancet, 2013, Vol. 382 (9903), pp. 1515–1524. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61998-4.Cohen M.S., Smith M.K., Muessig K.E., Hallett T.B., Powers K.A., Kashuba A.D. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: where do we go from here? Lancet, 2013, Vol. 382 (9903), pp. 1515–1524. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61998-4.Wilson D.P. HIV treatment as prevention: natural experiments highlight limits of antiretroviral treatment as HIV prevention. PLoS Med., 2012, Vol. 9 (7), pp. e1001231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231.Wilson D.P. HIV treatment as prevention: natural experiments highlight limits of antiretroviral treatment as HIV prevention. PLoS Med., 2012, Vol. 9 (7), pp. e1001231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231.Plazy M., Farouki K.E., Iwuji C., Okesola N., Orne-Gliemann J., Larmarange J., Lert F., Newell M.L., Dabis F., Dray-Spira R.; Anrs 12249 Tasp Study Group. Access to HIV care in the context of universal test and treat: challenges within the ANRS 12249 TasP cluster- randomized trial in rural South Africa. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2016, Vol. 19 (1), pp. 20 913. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.20913.Plazy M., Farouki K.E., Iwuji C., Okesola N., Orne-Gliemann J., Larmarange J., Lert F., Newell M.L., Dabis F., Dray-Spira R.; Anrs 12249 Tasp Study Group. Access to HIV care in the context of universal test and treat: challenges within the ANRS 12249 TasP cluster- randomized trial in rural South Africa. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2016, Vol. 19 (1), pp. 20 913. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.20913.Wilton J. & Broeckaert L. Treatment as prevention: do the individual prevention benefits translate of the population level? Prevention in Focus. PLoS Med., 2012, Vol. 9 (7), pp. e1001231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231.Wilton J. & Broeckaert L. Treatment as prevention: do the individual prevention benefits translate of the population level? Prevention in Focus. PLoS Med., 2012, Vol. 9 (7), pp. e1001231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231.Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach ARV2013. World Health Organization, 30 June 2013, 272 р.Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach ARV2013. World Health Organization, 30 June 2013, 272 р.Severe P., Juste M.A., Ambroise A., Eliacin L., Marchand C., Apollon S., Edwards A., Bang H., Nicotera J., Godfrey C., Gulick R.M., Johnson W.D. Jr., Pape J.W., Fitzgerald D.W. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N. Engl. J. Med., 2010, Vol. 363 (3), pp. 257–265. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910370.Severe P., Juste M.A., Ambroise A., Eliacin L., Marchand C., Apollon S., Edwards A., Bang H., Nicotera J., Godfrey C., Gulick R.M., Johnson W.D. Jr., Pape J.W., Fitzgerald D.W. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N. Engl. J. Med., 2010, Vol. 363 (3), pp. 257–265. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910370.Emery S., Neuhaus J.A., Phillips A.N., Babiker A., Cohen C.J., Gatell J.M., Girard P.M., Grund B., Law M., Losso M.H., Palfreeman A., Wood R. Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, Vol. 197 (8), pp. 1133–1144. DOI: 10.1086/586713.Emery S., Neuhaus J.A., Phillips A.N., Babiker A., Cohen C.J., Gatell J.M., Girard P.M., Grund B., Law M., Losso M.H., Palfreeman A., Wood R. Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, Vol. 197 (8), pp. 1133–1144. DOI: 10.1086/586713.Kitahata M.M., Gange S.J., Abraham A.G., Merriman B., Saag M.S., Justice A.C., Hogg R.S., Deeks S.G., Eron J.J., Brooks J.T., Rourke S.B., Gill M.J., Bosch R.J., Martin J.N., Klein M.B., Jacobson L.P., Rodriguez B., Sterling T.R., Kirk G.D., Napravnik S., Rachlis A.R., Calzavara L.M., Horberg M.A., Silverberg M.J., Gebo K.A., Goedert J.J., Benson C.A., Collier A.C., Van Rompaey S.E., Crane H.M., McKaig R.G., Lau B., Freeman A.M., Moore R.D.; NA-ACCORD Investigators. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, Vol. 360 (18), pp. 1815–1826. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0807252.Kitahata M.M., Gange S.J., Abraham A.G., Merriman B., Saag M.S., Justice A.C., Hogg R.S., Deeks S.G., Eron J.J., Brooks J.T., Rourke S.B., Gill M.J., Bosch R.J., Martin J.N., Klein M.B., Jacobson L.P., Rodriguez B., Sterling T.R., Kirk G.D., Napravnik S., Rachlis A.R., Calzavara L.M., Horberg M.A., Silverberg M.J., Gebo K.A., Goedert J.J., Benson C.A., Collier A.C., Van Rompaey S.E., Crane H.M., McKaig R.G., Lau B., Freeman A.M., Moore R.D.; NA-ACCORD Investigators. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, Vol. 360 (18), pp. 1815–1826. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0807252.Siedner M.J., Musinguzi N., Tsai A.C., Muzoora C., Kembabazi A., Weiser S.D., Bennett J., Hunt P.W., Martin J.N., Haberer J.E., Bangsberg D.R. Treatment as long-term prevention: sustained reduction in HIV sexual transmission risk with use of antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda. AIDS, 2014, Vol. 28 (2), pp. 267–271. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000136.Siedner M.J., Musinguzi N., Tsai A.C., Muzoora C., Kembabazi A., Weiser S.D., Bennett J., Hunt P.W., Martin J.N., Haberer J.E., Bangsberg D.R. Treatment as long-term prevention: sustained reduction in HIV sexual transmission risk with use of antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda. AIDS, 2014, Vol. 28 (2), pp. 267–271. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000136.Melo M.G., Santos B.R., De Cassia Lira R., Varella I.S., Turella M.L., Rocha T.M., Nielsen-Saines K. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among serodiscordant couples in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Sex. Transm. Dis., 2008, Vol. 35 (11), pp. 912–915. DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31817e2491.Melo M.G., Santos B.R., De Cassia Lira R., Varella I.S., Turella M.L., Rocha T.M., Nielsen-Saines K. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among serodiscordant couples in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Sex. Transm. Dis., 2008, Vol. 35 (11), pp. 912–915. DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31817e2491.Loutfy M.R., Wu W., Letchumanan M., Bondy L., Antoniou T., Margolese S., Zhang Y., Rueda S., McGee F., Peck R., Binder L., Allard P., Rourke S.B., Rochon P.A. Systematic review of HIV transmission between heterosexual serodiscordant couples where the HIV-positive partner is fully suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8 (2), pp. e55747. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055747.Loutfy M.R., Wu W., Letchumanan M., Bondy L., Antoniou T., Margolese S., Zhang Y., Rueda S., McGee F., Peck R., Binder L., Allard P., Rourke S.B., Rochon P.A. Systematic review of HIV transmission between heterosexual serodiscordant couples where the HIV-positive partner is fully suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8 (2), pp. e55747. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055747.Castel A.D., Befus M., Willis S., Griffin A., West T., Hader S., Greenberg A.E. Use of the community viral load as a population-based biomarker of HIV burden. AIDS, 2012, Vol. 26 (3), pp. 345–353. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834de5fe.Castel A.D., Befus M., Willis S., Griffin A., West T., Hader S., Greenberg A.E. Use of the community viral load as a population-based biomarker of HIV burden. AIDS, 2012, Vol. 26 (3), pp. 345–353. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834de5fe.Sorensen S.W., Sansom S.L., Brooks J.T., Marks G., Begier E.M., Buchacz K., Dinenno E.A., Mermin J.H., Kilmarx P.H. A mathematical model of comprehensive test-and-treat services and HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in the United States. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7 (2), pp. e29098. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029098.Sorensen S.W., Sansom S.L., Brooks J.T., Marks G., Begier E.M., Buchacz K., Dinenno E.A., Mermin J.H., Kilmarx P.H. A mathematical model of comprehensive test-and-treat services and HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in the United States. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7 (2), pp. e29098. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029098.Birrell P.J., Gill O.N., Delpech V.C., Brown A.E., Desai S., Chadborn T.R., Rice B.D., De Angelis D. HIV incidence in men who have sex with men in England and Wales 2001–2010: a nationwide population study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2013, Vol. 13 (4), pp. 313–318. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70341-9.Birrell P.J., Gill O.N., Delpech V.C., Brown A.E., Desai S., Chadborn T.R., Rice B.D., De Angelis D. HIV incidence in men who have sex with men in England and Wales 2001–2010: a nationwide population study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2013, Vol. 13 (4), pp. 313–318. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70341-9.Wilson D.P. HIV treatment as prevention: natural experiments highlight limits of antiretroviral treatment as HIV prevention. PLoS Med., 2012, Vol. 9 (7), pp. e1001231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231.Wilson D.P. HIV treatment as prevention: natural experiments highlight limits of antiretroviral treatment as HIV prevention. PLoS Med., 2012, Vol. 9 (7), pp. e1001231. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001231.Van Griensven F., Guadamuz T.E., de Lind van Wijngaarden J.W., Phanuphak N., Solomon S.S., Lo Y.R. Challenges and emerging opportunities for the HIV prevention, treatment and care cascade in men who have sex with men in Asia Pacific. Sex. Transm. Infect., 2017, Vol. 93 (5), pp. 356–362. DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016–052669.Van Griensven F., Guadamuz T.E., de Lind van Wijngaarden J.W., Phanuphak N., Solomon S.S., Lo Y.R. Challenges and emerging opportunities for the HIV prevention, treatment and care cascade in men who have sex with men in Asia Pacific. Sex. Transm. Infect., 2017, Vol. 93 (5), pp. 356–362. DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016–052669.Abu-Raddad L.J., Awad S.F. How does population viral load vary with the evolution of a large HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa? AIDS, 2014, Vol. 28 (6), pp. 927–929. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000211.Abu-Raddad L.J., Awad S.F. How does population viral load vary with the evolution of a large HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa? AIDS, 2014, Vol. 28 (6), pp. 927–929. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000211.Novitsky V., Essex M. Using HIV viral load to guide treatment-for-prevention interventions. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2012, Vol. 7 (2), pp. 117–124. DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32834fe8ff.Novitsky V., Essex M. Using HIV viral load to guide treatment-for-prevention interventions. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2012, Vol. 7 (2), pp. 117–124. DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32834fe8ff.Eyawo O., de Walque D., Ford N., Gakii G., Lester R.T., Mills E.J. HIV status in discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2010, Vol. 10 (11), pp. 770–777. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70189-4.Eyawo O., de Walque D., Ford N., Gakii G., Lester R.T., Mills E.J. HIV status in discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2010, Vol. 10 (11), pp. 770–777. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70189-4.Vernazza P., Bernard E.J. HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statement — eight years later. Swiss Med. Wkly, 2016, 146: w14246. DOI: 10.4414/smw.2016.14246.Vernazza P., Bernard E.J. HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statement — eight years later. Swiss Med. Wkly, 2016, 146: w14246. DOI: 10.4414/smw.2016.14246.Quinn T.C., Wawer M.J., Sewankambo N., Serwadda D., Li C., Wabwire-Mangen F., Meehan M.O., Lutalo T., Gray R.H. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, Vol. 342 (13), pp. 921–929.Quinn T.C., Wawer M.J., Sewankambo N., Serwadda D., Li C., Wabwire-Mangen F., Meehan M.O., Lutalo T., Gray R.H. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, Vol. 342 (13), pp. 921–929.Cohen M.S., Chen Y.Q., McCauley M., Gamble T., Hosseinipour M.C., Kumarasamy N., Hakim J.G., Kumwenda J., Grinsztejn B., Pilotto J.H., Godbole S.V., Mehendale S., Chariyalertsak S., Santos B.R., Mayer K.H., Hoffman I.F., Eshleman S.H., Piwowar-Manning E., Wang L., Makhema J., Mills L.A., de Bruyn G., Sanne I., Eron J., Gallant J., Havlir D., Swindells S., Ribaudo H., Elharrar V., Burns D., Taha T.E., Nielsen-Saines K., Celentano D., Essex M., Fleming T.R. HPTN 052 Study Team. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, Vol. 365 (6), pp. 493–505. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105243.Cohen M.S., Chen Y.Q., McCauley M., Gamble T., Hosseinipour M.C., Kumarasamy N., Hakim J.G., Kumwenda J., Grinsztejn B., Pilotto J.H., Godbole S.V., Mehendale S., Chariyalertsak S., Santos B.R., Mayer K.H., Hoffman I.F., Eshleman S.H., Piwowar-Manning E., Wang L., Makhema J., Mills L.A., de Bruyn G., Sanne I., Eron J., Gallant J., Havlir D., Swindells S., Ribaudo H., Elharrar V., Burns D., Taha T.E., Nielsen-Saines K., Celentano D., Essex M., Fleming T.R. HPTN 052 Study Team. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, Vol. 365 (6), pp. 493–505. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105243.Dieffenbach C.W. Preventing HIV transmission through antiretroviral treatment-mediated virologic suppression: aspects of an emerging scientific agenda. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2012, Vol. 7 (2):106–110. DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32834f3f13.Dieffenbach C.W. Preventing HIV transmission through antiretroviral treatment-mediated virologic suppression: aspects of an emerging scientific agenda. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 2012, Vol. 7 (2):106–110. DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32834f3f13.Donnell D., Baeten J.M., Kiarie J., Thomas K.K., Stevens W., Cohen C.R., McIntyre J., Lingappa J.R., Celum C. Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet, 2010, Vol. 375 (9731), pp. 2092–2098. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60705-2.Donnell D., Baeten J.M., Kiarie J., Thomas K.K., Stevens W., Cohen C.R., McIntyre J., Lingappa J.R., Celum C. Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet, 2010, Vol. 375 (9731), pp. 2092–2098. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60705-2.Jia Z., Mao Y., Zhang F., Ruan Y., Ma Y., Li J., Guo W., Liu E., Dou Z., Zhao Y., Wang L., Li Q., Xie P., Tang H., Han J., Jin X., Xu J., Xiong R., Zhao D., Li P., Wang X., Wang L., Qing Q., Ding Z., Chen R.Y., Liu Z., Shao Y. Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11): a national observational cohort study. Lancet, 2013, Vol. 382 (9899), pp. 1195–1203. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61898-4.Jia Z., Mao Y., Zhang F., Ruan Y., Ma Y., Li J., Guo W., Liu E., Dou Z., Zhao Y., Wang L., Li Q., Xie P., Tang H., Han J., Jin X., Xu J., Xiong R., Zhao D., Li P., Wang X., Wang L., Qing Q., Ding Z., Chen R.Y., Liu Z., Shao Y. Antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission in serodiscordant couples in China (2003-11): a national observational cohort study. Lancet, 2013, Vol. 382 (9899), pp. 1195–1203. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61898-4.Anglemyer A., Rutherford G.W., Horvath T., Baggaley R.C., Egger M., Siegfried N. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2013, Vol. (4), pp. CD009153. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3.Anglemyer A., Rutherford G.W., Horvath T., Baggaley R.C., Egger M., Siegfried N. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2013, Vol. (4), pp. CD009153. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3.Das M., Chu P.L., Santos G.M., Scheer S., Vittinghoff E., McFarland W., Colfax G.N. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS One, 2010, Vol. 5 (6), pp. e11068. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011068.Das M., Chu P.L., Santos G.M., Scheer S., Vittinghoff E., McFarland W., Colfax G.N. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS One, 2010, Vol. 5 (6), pp. e11068. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011068.Montaner J.S., Lima V.D., Barrios R., Yip B., Wood E., Kerr T., Shannon K., Harrigan P.R., Hogg R.S., Daly P., Kendall P. Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study. Lancet, 2010, Vol. 376 (9740), pp. 532–539. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60936-1.Montaner J.S., Lima V.D., Barrios R., Yip B., Wood E., Kerr T., Shannon K., Harrigan P.R., Hogg R.S., Daly P., Kendall P. Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study. Lancet, 2010, Vol. 376 (9740), pp. 532–539. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60936-1.Nosyk B., Zang X., Min J.E., Krebs E., Lima V.D., Milloy M.J., Shoveller J., Barrios R., Harrigan P.R., Kerr T., Wood E., Montaner J.S.G. Relative effects of antiretroviral therapy and harm reduction initiatives on HIV incidence in British Columbia, Canada, 1996–2013: a modelling study. Lancet HIV, 2017, Vol. 4 (7), pp. e303–e310. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30045-0.Nosyk B., Zang X., Min J.E., Krebs E., Lima V.D., Milloy M.J., Shoveller J., Barrios R., Harrigan P.R., Kerr T., Wood E., Montaner J.S.G. Relative effects of antiretroviral therapy and harm reduction initiatives on HIV incidence in British Columbia, Canada, 1996–2013: a modelling study. Lancet HIV, 2017, Vol. 4 (7), pp. e303–e310. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30045-0.Brown A.E., Kall M.M., Smith R.D., Yin Z., Hunter A., Hunter A., Delpech V.C. Auditing national HIV guidelines and policies: The United Kingdom CD4 Surveillance Scheme. Open AIDS J., 2012, Vol. 6, pp. 149–155. DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010149.Brown A.E., Kall M.M., Smith R.D., Yin Z., Hunter A., Hunter A., Delpech V.C. Auditing national HIV guidelines and policies: The United Kingdom CD4 Surveillance Scheme. Open AIDS J., 2012, Vol. 6, pp. 149–155. DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010149.Supervie V., Ndawinz J.D., Lodi S., Costagliola D. The undiagnosed HIV epidemic in France and its implications for HIV screening strategies. AIDS, 2014, Vol. 28 (12), pp. 1797–1804. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000270.Supervie V., Ndawinz J.D., Lodi S., Costagliola D. The undiagnosed HIV epidemic in France and its implications for HIV screening strategies. AIDS, 2014, Vol. 28 (12), pp. 1797–1804. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000270.Supervie V., Costagliola D. Time for a revolution in tracking the HIV epidemic. Lancet HIV, 2016, Vol. 3 (8), pp. e337–e339. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30089-3.Supervie V., Costagliola D. Time for a revolution in tracking the HIV epidemic. Lancet HIV, 2016, Vol. 3 (8), pp. e337–e339. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30089-3.Law M.G., Woolley I., Templeton D.J., Roth N., Chuah J., Mulhall B., Canavan P., McManus H., Cooper D.A., Petoumenos K. Trends in detectable viral load by calendar year in the Australian HIV observational database; Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD). J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2011, Vol. 14, pp. 10. DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-10.Law M.G., Woolley I., Templeton D.J., Roth N., Chuah J., Mulhall B., Canavan P., McManus H., Cooper D.A., Petoumenos K. Trends in detectable viral load by calendar year in the Australian HIV observational database; Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD). J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2011, Vol. 14, pp. 10. DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-10.Phillips A.N., Cambiano V., Nakagawa F., Brown A.E., Lampe F., Rodger A., Miners A., Elford J., Hart G., Johnson A.M., Lundgren J., Delpech V.C. Increased HIV incidence in men who have sex with men despite high levels of ART-induced viral suppression: analysis of an extensively documented epidemic. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8 (2), pp. e55312. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055312.Phillips A.N., Cambiano V., Nakagawa F., Brown A.E., Lampe F., Rodger A., Miners A., Elford J., Hart G., Johnson A.M., Lundgren J., Delpech V.C. Increased HIV incidence in men who have sex with men despite high levels of ART-induced viral suppression: analysis of an extensively documented epidemic. PLoS One, 2013, Vol. 8 (2), pp. e55312. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055312.Mooney A.C., Gottert A., Khoza N., Rebombo D., Hove J., Suárez A.J., Twine R., MacPhail C., Treves-Kagan S., Kahn K., Pettifor A. Men’s Perceptions of Treatment as Prevention in South Africa: Implications for Engagement in HIV Care and Treatment. AIDS Educ. Prev., 2017, Vol. 29 (3), pp. 274–287. DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2017.29.3.274.Mooney A.C., Gottert A., Khoza N., Rebombo D., Hove J., Suárez A.J., Twine R., MacPhail C., Treves-Kagan S., Kahn K., Pettifor A. Men’s Perceptions of Treatment as Prevention in South Africa: Implications for Engagement in HIV Care and Treatment. AIDS Educ. Prev., 2017, Vol. 29 (3), pp. 274–287. DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2017.29.3.274.Van Sighem A., Vidondo B., Glass T.R., Bucher H.C., Vernazza P., Gebhardt M., de Wolf F., Derendinger S., Jeannin A., Bezemer D., Fraser C., Low N. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Resurgence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Switzerland: mathematical modelling study. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7 (9), pp. e44819.Van Sighem A., Vidondo B., Glass T.R., Bucher H.C., Vernazza P., Gebhardt M., de Wolf F., Derendinger S., Jeannin A., Bezemer D., Fraser C., Low N. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Resurgence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Switzerland: mathematical modelling study. PLoS One, 2012, Vol. 7 (9), pp. e44819.Cowan S.A., Gerstoft J., Haff J., Christiansen A.H., Nielsen J., Obel N. Stable incidence of HIV diagnoses among Danish MSM despite increased engagement in unsafe sex. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2012, Vol. 61 (1), pp. 106–111. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825af890.Cowan S.A., Gerstoft J., Haff J., Christiansen A.H., Nielsen J., Obel N. Stable incidence of HIV diagnoses among Danish MSM despite increased engagement in unsafe sex. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2012, Vol. 61 (1), pp. 106–111. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825af890.Lou J., Blevins M., Ruan Y., Vermund S.H., Tang S., Webb G.F., Shepherd B.E., He X., Lu H., Shao Y., Qian H.Z. Modeling the impact on HIV incidence of combination prevention strategies among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China. PLoS One, 2014, Vol. 9 (3), pp. e90985. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090985.Lou J., Blevins M., Ruan Y., Vermund S.H., Tang S., Webb G.F., Shepherd B.E., He X., Lu H., Shao Y., Qian H.Z. Modeling the impact on HIV incidence of combination prevention strategies among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China. PLoS One, 2014, Vol. 9 (3), pp. e90985. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090985.Lou J., Hu P., Qian H.Z., Ruan Y., Jin Z., Xing H., Shao Y., Vermund S.H. Expanded antiretroviral treatment, sexual networks, and condom use: Treatment as prevention unlikely to succeed without partner reduction among men who have sex with men in China. PLoS One, 2017, Vol. 12 (4), pp. e0171295. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171295.Lou J., Hu P., Qian H.Z., Ruan Y., Jin Z., Xing H., Shao Y., Vermund S.H. Expanded antiretroviral treatment, sexual networks, and condom use: Treatment as prevention unlikely to succeed without partner reduction among men who have sex with men in China. PLoS One, 2017, Vol. 12 (4), pp. e0171295. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171295.Hu X., Chen F., Ding F., Lin X., Wang X., He H., Huang W., Yang Q., Zhang H. Coverage of HIV related follow-up intervention and antiretroviral treatment and its correlation among HIV-positive men who have sex with men of 3 cities in China. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese), 2015, Vol. 49 (11), pp. 945–949.Hu X., Chen F., Ding F., Lin X., Wang X., He H., Huang W., Yang Q., Zhang H. Coverage of HIV related follow-up intervention and antiretroviral treatment and its correlation among HIV-positive men who have sex with men of 3 cities in China. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chinese), 2015, Vol. 49 (11), pp. 945–949.Su S., Chen X., Mao L., He J., Wei X., Jing J., Zhang L. Superior Effects of Antiretroviral Treatment among Men Who have Sex with Men Compared to Other HIV At-Risk Populations in a Large Cohort Study in Hunan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2016, Vol. 13 (3),Su S., Chen X., Mao L., He J., Wei X., Jing J., Zhang L. Superior Effects of Antiretroviral Treatment among Men Who have Sex with Men Compared to Other HIV At-Risk Populations in a Large Cohort Study in Hunan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2016, Vol. 13 (3),pii: E283. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030283.pii: E283. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030283.Kroon E.D.M.B., Phanuphak N., Shattock A.J., Fletcher J.L.K., Pinyakorn S., Chomchey N., Akapirat S., de Souza M.S., Robb M.L., Kim J.H., van Griensven F., Ananworanich J., Wilson D.P. Acute HIV infection detection and immediate treatment estimated to reduce transmission by 89% among men who have sex with men in Bangkok. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2017, Vol. 20 (1), pp. 1–9. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.20.1.21708.Kroon E.D.M.B., Phanuphak N., Shattock A.J., Fletcher J.L.K., Pinyakorn S., Chomchey N., Akapirat S., de Souza M.S., Robb M.L., Kim J.H., van Griensven F., Ananworanich J., Wilson D.P. Acute HIV infection detection and immediate treatment estimated to reduce transmission by 89% among men who have sex with men in Bangkok. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2017, Vol. 20 (1), pp. 1–9. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.20.1.21708.Milloy M.J., King A., Kerr T., Adams E., Samji H., Guillemi S., Wood E., Montaner J. Improvements in HIV treatment outcomes among indigenous and non-indigenous people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2016, Vol. 19 (1), pp. 20 617. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.20617.Milloy M.J., King A., Kerr T., Adams E., Samji H., Guillemi S., Wood E., Montaner J. Improvements in HIV treatment outcomes among indigenous and non-indigenous people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2016, Vol. 19 (1), pp. 20 617. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.20617.Lake S., Kerr T., Capler R., Shoveller J., Montaner J., Milloy M.J. High-intensity cannabis use and HIV clinical outcomes among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Int. J. Drug Policy, 2017, Vol. 42, pp. 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.009.Lake S., Kerr T., Capler R., Shoveller J., Montaner J., Milloy M.J. High-intensity cannabis use and HIV clinical outcomes among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Int. J. Drug Policy, 2017, Vol. 42, pp. 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.009.Milloy M.J., Wood E., Kerr T., Hogg B., Guillemi S., Harrigan P.R., Montaner J. Increased Prevalence of Controlled Viremia and Decreased Rates of HIV Drug Resistance Among HIV- Positive People Who Use Illicit Drugs During a Community-wide Treatment-as-Prevention Initiative. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2016, Vol. 62 (5), pp. 640–647. DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ929.Milloy M.J., Wood E., Kerr T., Hogg B., Guillemi S., Harrigan P.R., Montaner J. Increased Prevalence of Controlled Viremia and Decreased Rates of HIV Drug Resistance Among HIV- Positive People Who Use Illicit Drugs During a Community-wide Treatment-as-Prevention Initiative. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2016, Vol. 62 (5), pp. 640–647. DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ929.Покровский В.В., Юрин О.Г., Кравченко А.В., Беляева В.В., Ермак Т.Н., Канестри В.Г., Шахгильдян В.И., Козырина Н.В., Воронин Е.Е., Афонина Л.Ю., Васильева И.А., Зимина В.Н. Национальные рекомендации по диспансерному наблюдению и лечению больных ВИЧ-инфекцией // Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы. 2017. № 6, приложение. С. 1–80. [Pokrovskiy V.V., Yurin O.G., Kravchenko A.V., Belyaeva V.V., Ermak T.N., Kanestri V.G., Shahgildyan V.I., Kozyrina N.V., Voronin E.E., Afonina L.Yu., Vasil’eva I.A., Zimina V.N. National recommendations on dispensary surveillance and treatment of patients with HIV. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Topical Issue, 2017, No. 6, Application, pp. 1–80 (In Russ.)].Покровский В.В., Юрин О.Г., Кравченко А.В., Беляева В.В., Ермак Т.Н., Канестри В.Г., Шахгильдян В.И., Козырина Н.В., Воронин Е.Е., Афонина Л.Ю., Васильева И.А., Зимина В.Н. Национальные рекомендации по диспансерному наблюдению и лечению больных ВИЧ-инфекцией // Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы. 2017. № 6, приложение. С. 1–80. [Pokrovskiy V.V., Yurin O.G., Kravchenko A.V., Belyaeva V.V., Ermak T.N., Kanestri V.G., Shahgildyan V.I., Kozyrina N.V., Voronin E.E., Afonina L.Yu., Vasil’eva I.A., Zimina V.N. National recommendations on dispensary surveillance and treatment of patients with HIV. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Topical Issue, 2017, No. 6, Application, pp. 1–80 (In Russ.)].

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.