<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aids</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-9828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Baltic Medical Education Center</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-2-69-78</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aids-543</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Острые отравления метадоном у пациентов стационара скорой медицинской помощи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acute methadone poisonings in patients in an emergency hospital</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4379-6243</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солонин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solonin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Солонин Сергей Александрович — кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунологии</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p><p>SPIN-код: 8960–6610</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Solonin Sergey Aleksandrovich</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solonin@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0861-5945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белова Мария Владимировна — доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения лечения острых отравлений и сомато-психиатрических расстройств государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В.Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; профессор кафедры фармацевтической и  токсикологической химии им. А.П.Арзамасцева федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p><p>SPIN-код: 6197–3906</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">maniabel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баженов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhenov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баженов Алексей Иванович — кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией клинической иммунологии</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p><p>SPIN-код: 8092–6821</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">albazhenov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4071-1099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тюрин Игорь Александрович — заведующий химико-токсикологической лабораторией</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">tyurinia@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-8663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поцхверия</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Potskhveria</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поцхверия Михаил Михайлович — кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель отделения лечения острых отравлений и сомато-психиатрических расстройств</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p><p>SPIN-код: 6418–5480</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">potskhveriyamm@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-6705</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Годков</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Godkov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Годков Михаил Андреевич — доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделом лабораторной диагностики</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">mgodkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н. В. Склифосовского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н. В. Склифосовского»;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine;&#13;
I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Солонин С.А., Белова М.В., Баженов А.И., Тюрин И.А., Поцхверия М.М., Годков М.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Солонин С.А., Белова М.В., Баженов А.И., Тюрин И.А., Поцхверия М.М., Годков М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Solonin S.A., Belova M.V., Bazhenov A.I., Tyurin I.A., Potskhveria M.M., Godkov M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/543">https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/543</self-uri><abstract><p>Метадон — сильнодействующий синтетический опиоид, используемый в ряде стран для заместительной терапии у лиц с опиоидной зависимостью, в том числе для предотвращения распространения ВИЧ-инфекции. В Российской Федерации оборот метадона запрещен. Несмотря на существующий запрет, в отделениях реанимационного и токсикологического профиля стационаров скорой медицинской помощи (ССМП) регулярно фиксируются случаи отравления последним. Нередко, помимо метадона, при лабораторном исследовании выявляются и другие психоактивные вещества (ПАВ). Лица, употребляющие ПАВ, являются чрезвычайно уязвимой для заражения и в то же время наиболее труднодоступной для обследования на ВИЧинфекцию группой населения. Часто особенности наркопатологии и ВИЧ-статус определяются лишь при госпитализации в ССМП. За период с 2015 по 2018 г. в токсикологическое отделение НИИ скорой помощи им. Н. В. Склифосовского госпитализировано 732 пациента с острым отравлением метадоном. В 76,8–83,9% случаев метадон определяли в комбинациях с другими ПАВ, преимущественно с опиатами/опиоидами, психостимуляторами, психодислептиками, а также психофармакологическими средствами (ПФС), в остальных случаях в исследуемых биосредах пациентов регистрировали только наличие метадона. В 19,2–33,3% случаев, помимо метадона, в том числе с другими ПАВ, в исследуемых биосредах (кровь и моча) также обнаруживали этанол в концентрации от 0,3 до 3,6‰. Выявляемость ВИЧ-инфекции у пациентов с острыми отравлениями метадоном варьировала от 15,7 до 31,8%, увеличившись за анализируемый период в 1,5 раза. Причины увеличения частоты обнаружения ВИЧ-инфекции могут быть связаны с изменением структуры принимаемых ПАВ и путей передачи вируса. Пациенты токсикологического отделения ССМП являются группой высокого риска распространения ВИЧ-инфекции и могут рассматриваться как фокусная группа, отражающая общие тенденции в потреблении ПАВ в г. Москве.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Methadone is a potent synthetic opioid used in several countries both for substitution therapy in people with opioid dependence and to prevent HIV infection spreading. In Russia methadone trafficking is prohibited. Despite the current ban, cases of hospitalization with methadone poisoning are regularly recorded in an intensive care units and toxicological departments of emergency hospitals (TD EH). Frequently polydrug consumption detected in a laboratory study. People who use psychoactive substances (PS) are vulnerable to HIV-infection as well as hard-to-reach group for HIV testing. Often HIV-infection and drug abuse pathology are revealed only when drug users hospitalized to an emergency hospital after overdose with one or several PS. During the period 2015–2018 to the toxicological department of Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine hospitalized 732 patients with acute methadone poisoning. In 76,8–83,9% of cases, methadone was detected in combination with other PS, predominantly with opiates/opioids, psychostimulants, psychodysleptics, as well as pharmaceutical medicaments. In addition to methadone, we recorded the presence of ethanol in biological samples (blood and urine) in a concentration from 0,3 to 3,6‰ in 19,2–33,3% of cases. The prevalence of HIV infection in patients with acute methadone poisoning ranged from 15,7 to 31,8%, increasing by 1,5 times during the analyzed period. The reasons for the increase of prevalence HIV infection in hospitalized patients could be linked to a change in the structure of the taken PS and virus transmission pathways. Patients of TD EH are a high-risk group for the spread of HIV and can be considered as a focus group reflecting general trends in the consumption of drugs in Moscow.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метадон</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ</kwd><kwd>стационар скорой медицинской помощи</kwd><kwd>острое отравление</kwd><kwd>психоактивные вещества</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>methadone</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>emergency hospital</kwd><kwd>acute poisoning</kwd><kwd>psychoactive substances</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention: position paper / World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNAIDS. WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS position paper / World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. URL: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/PositionPaper_English.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention: position paper / World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNAIDS. WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS position paper / World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. URL: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/PositionPaper_English.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2018 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9) / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). URL: https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2018 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9) / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). URL: https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/prelaunch/WDR18_Booklet_1_EXSUM.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lugoboni F., Zamboni L., Cibin M., Tamburin S. Gruppo InterSERT di Collaborazione Scientifica (GICS). Intravenous misuse of methadone, buprenorphine and buprenorphine-naloxone in patients under opioid maintenance treatment: a cross-sectional multicentre study // Europ Add Res. 2019. Vol. 25 (1). P. 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lugoboni F., Zamboni L., Cibin M., Tamburin S. Gruppo InterSERT di Collaborazione Scientifica (GICS). Intravenous misuse of methadone, buprenorphine and buprenorphine-naloxone in patients under opioid maintenance treatment: a cross-sectional multicentre study // Europ Add Res. 2019. Vol. 25 (1). P. 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudd R.A., Aleshire N., Zibbell J.E., Gladden R.M. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths United States, 2000–2014. MMWR // Morb Wkly Rep. 2016. Vol. 64 (50–51). P. 1378–1382. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6450a3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudd R.A., Aleshire N., Zibbell J.E., Gladden R.M. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths United States, 2000–2014. MMWR // Morb Wkly Rep. 2016. Vol. 64 (50–51). P. 1378–1382. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6450a3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruno T., Pharr J.R. Retrospective case series analysis of characteristics and trends in unintentional pharmaceutical drug poisoning by methadone, opioid analgesics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines in Clark County, NV 2009–13 // J. Public Health. 2017. Vol. 39 (2). Р. 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruno T., Pharr J.R. Retrospective case series analysis of characteristics and trends in unintentional pharmaceutical drug poisoning by methadone, opioid analgesics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines in Clark County, NV 2009–13 // J. Public Health. 2017. Vol. 39 (2). Р. 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tedesco D., Asch S.M., Curtin C., Hah J., McDonald K.M., Fantini M.P., Hernandez-Boussard T. Opioid Abuse and Poisoning: Trends in Inpatient and Emergency Department Discharges // Health Affairs (Project Hope). 2017. Vol. 36 (10). Р. 1748–1753. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tedesco D., Asch S.M., Curtin C., Hah J., McDonald K.M., Fantini M.P., Hernandez-Boussard T. Opioid Abuse and Poisoning: Trends in Inpatient and Emergency Department Discharges // Health Affairs (Project Hope). 2017. Vol. 36 (10). Р. 1748–1753. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Polydrug use: patterns and responses; 2009. 29 p. URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/polydrug-use-patterns-and-responses_en.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Polydrug use: patterns and responses; 2009. 29 p. URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/polydrug-use-patterns-and-responses_en.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ливанов Г.А., Лоладзе А.Т., Батоцыренов Б.В., Лодягин А.Н., Глушков С.И., Харитонова Т.В., Иванова А.А., Баранов Д.В., Антонова А.М. Острые отравления метадоном (дольфином) (обзор) // Общая реаниматология. 2017. № 13 (3). С. 48–63. https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2017-3-48-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livanov G.A., Loladze A.T., Batotsyrenov B.V., Lodyagin A.N., Glushkov S.I., Kharitonova T.V., Ivanova A.A., Baranov D.V., Antonova A.M. Acute Poisoning with Methadone (Dolphin) (Review). General Reanimatology, 2017, No. 13 (3), рр. 48–63 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2017-3-48-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поцхверия М.М., Белова М.В., Солонин С.А., Годков М.А. Структура острых химических отравлений у пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией в стационаре скорой медицинской помощи // Наркология. 2018. № 17 (1). С. 3–13. https://doi.org/10.25557/1682-8313.2018.01.3-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pochverija M.M., Belova M.V., Solonin S.A., Godkov M.A. The structure of acute chemical poisoning in patients with HIV infection in the emergency hospital. Narcology, 2018, No. 17 (1), рр. 3–13 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25557/1682-8313.2018.01.3-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halpert A.G., Olmstead M.C., Beninger R.J. Mechanisms and abuse liability of the anti-histamine dimenhydrinate // Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2002. Vol. 26 (1). С. 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00038-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halpert A.G., Olmstead M.C., Beninger R.J. Mechanisms and abuse liability of the anti-histamine dimenhydrinate // Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2002. Vol. 26 (1). С. 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00038-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2018–2017 data. URL: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/hivaids-surveillance-europe-2018–2017-data.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2018–2017 data. URL: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/hivaids-surveillance-europe-2018–2017-data.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lev R., Petro S., Lee A., Lee O., Lucas J., Castillo E.M., Egnatios J., Vilke G.M. Methadone related deaths compared to all prescription related deaths // Forensic Science International. 2015. Vol. 257. P. 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lev R., Petro S., Lee A., Lee O., Lucas J., Castillo E.M., Egnatios J., Vilke G.M. Methadone related deaths compared to all prescription related deaths // Forensic Science International. 2015. Vol. 257. P. 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vignali C., Stramesi C., Morini L., Pozzi F., Groppi A. Methadone-related deaths. A ten-year overview // Forensic Science International. 2015. Vol. 257 Р. 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vignali C., Stramesi C., Morini L., Pozzi F., Groppi A. Methadone-related deaths. A ten-year overview // Forensic Science International. 2015. Vol. 257 Р. 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rook E.J, Huitema A.D., van den Brink W., van Ree J.M., Beijnen J.H. Population pharmacokinetics of heroin and its major metabolites // Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2006. Vol. 45 (4). P. 401–417. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645040-00005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rook E.J, Huitema A.D., van den Brink W., van Ree J.M., Beijnen J.H. Population pharmacokinetics of heroin and its major metabolites // Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2006. Vol. 45 (4). P. 401–417. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645040-00005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buster M.C., van Brussel G.H., van den Brink W. An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam // Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002. Vol. 97 (8). Р. 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00179.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buster M.C., van Brussel G.H., van den Brink W. An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam // Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002. Vol. 97 (8). Р. 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00179.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2019), European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Developments, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. URL: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6b2ec5f1-8b2c-11e9-9369-01aa75ed71a1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2019), European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Developments, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. URL: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6b2ec5f1-8b2c-11e9-9369-01aa75ed71a1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Музуров К.В., Халимов Ю.Ш., Башарин В.А., Фомичев А.В., Кузьмич В.Г., Ветряков О.В. Бекмухаметов А.Ф., Дронов К.В. Динамика структуры острых отравлений по данным отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии клиники военно-полевой терапии Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М.Кирова за период 2000–2015 гг. // Вестник Российской военно-медицинской академии. 2016. № 3 (55). С. 23–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muzurov K.V., Khalimov Yu.Sh., Basharin V.A., Fomichev A.V., Kuzmich V.G., Vetryakov O.V., Bekmukhametov A.F., Dronov K.V. Dynamics of the structure of acute poisonings according to tthe data of intensive care unit in the Department of the military-field therapy of Military medical Academy named after S.M.Kirov during the period 2000–2015. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2016, No. 3 (55), рр. 23–25 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маткевич В.А., Лужников Е.А., Рожков П.Г., Белова М.В. Сочетанное применение энтеросорбции и кишечного лаважа при острых пероральных отравлениях психофармакологическими средствами // Токсикологический вестник. 2011. № 2. С. 24–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matkevich V.A., Luzhnikov Ye. A., Rozhkov P.G., Belova M.V. Joint use of enterosorption and intestine lavage at acute peroral poisonings by psychopharmacological means. Toksikologičeskij vestnik [Toxicological Review], 2011, No. 2, рр. 24–26 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walton G., Dong H., Milloy MJ., DeBeck K., Kerr T., Wood E., Hayashi K Increasing availability of benzodiazepines among people who inject drugs in a Canadian setting // Substance Abuse. 2018. Vol. 39 (1). Р. 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2017.1356798</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walton G., Dong H., Milloy MJ., DeBeck K., Kerr T., Wood E., Hayashi K Increasing availability of benzodiazepines among people who inject drugs in a Canadian setting // Substance Abuse. 2018. Vol. 39 (1). Р. 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2017.1356798</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leece P., Cavacuiti C., Macdonald E.M., Gomes T., Kahan M., Srivastava A., Steele L., Luo J., Mamdani M.M., Juurlink D.N. Predictors of Opioid-Related Death During Methadone Therapy // J Abuse Treat. 2015. No. 57. Р. 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2015.04.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leece P., Cavacuiti C., Macdonald E.M., Gomes T., Kahan M., Srivastava A., Steele L., Luo J., Mamdani M.M., Juurlink D.N. Predictors of Opioid-Related Death During Methadone Therapy // J Abuse Treat. 2015. No. 57. Р. 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2015.04.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sason A, Adelson M, Schreiber S, Peles E. Pregabalin misuse in methadone maintenance treatment patients in Israel: Prevalence and risk factors // Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018. No. 189. Р. 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sason A, Adelson M, Schreiber S, Peles E. Pregabalin misuse in methadone maintenance treatment patients in Israel: Prevalence and risk factors // Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018. No. 189. Р. 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Launonen E., Wallace I., Kotovirta E., Alho H., Simojoki K. Factors associated with non-adherence and misuse of opioid maintenance treatment medications and intoxicating drugs among Finnish maintenance treatment patients // Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016. No 162. Р. 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Launonen E., Wallace I., Kotovirta E., Alho H., Simojoki K. Factors associated with non-adherence and misuse of opioid maintenance treatment medications and intoxicating drugs among Finnish maintenance treatment patients // Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016. No 162. Р.  227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrushevska T., Jakovski Z., Poposka V., Stefanovska V.V. Drug-related deaths between 2002 and 2013 with accent to methadone and benzodiazepines // J. Forensic. Leg. Med. 2015. No. 31. Р. 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.12.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrushevska T., Jakovski Z., Poposka V., Stefanovska V.V. Drug-related deaths between 2002 and 2013 with accent to methadone and benzodiazepines // J. Forensic. Leg. Med. 2015. No. 31. Р. 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.12.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vroegop M.P., Franssen E.J., van der Voort P.H., van den Berg T.N., Langeweg R.J., Kramers C. The emergency care of cocaine intoxications // Neth. J. Med. 2009. No. 67 (4). Р. 122–126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vroegop M.P., Franssen E.J., van der Voort P.H., van den Berg T.N., Langeweg R.J., Kramers C. The emergency care of cocaine intoxications // Neth. J. Med. 2009. No. 67 (4). Р. 122–126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guirguis A., Corkery J.M., Stair J.L., Kirton S.B., Zloh M., Schifano F. Intended and unintended use of cathinone mixtures // Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2017. No. 3. e2598. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guirguis A., Corkery J.M., Stair J.L., Kirton S.B., Zloh M., Schifano F. Intended and unintended use of cathinone mixtures // Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2017. No. 3. e2598. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCance‐Katz E.F., Sullivan L.E., Nallani S. Drug Interactions of Clinical Importance among the Opioids, Methadone and Buprenorphine, and Other Frequently Prescribed Medications: A Review // Am. J. Addic. 2010. No 19 (1). Р. 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00005.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCance‐Katz E.F., Sullivan L.E., Nallani S. Drug Interactions of Clinical Importance among the Opioids, Methadone and Buprenorphine, and Other Frequently Prescribed Medications: A Review // Am. J. Addic. 2010. No 19  (1). Р.  4–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00005.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bersani F.S., Corazza O., Simonato P., Mylokosta A., Levari E., Lovaste R., Schifano F. Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium; early warning alerts from Russia and Italy // Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 2013. Vol. 35 (5). Р. 571–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bersani F.S., Corazza O., Simonato P., Mylokosta A., Levari E., Lovaste R., Schifano F. Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium; early warning alerts from Russia and Italy // Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 2013. Vol. 35 (5). Р. 571–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saad M.H., Savonen C.L., Rumschlag M., Todi S.V., Schmidt C.J., Bannon M.J. Opioid Deaths: Trends, Biomarkers, and Potential Drug Interactions Revealed by Decision Tree Analyses // Front Neurosci. 2018. Vol. 12. Р. 728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00728.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saad M.H., Savonen C.L., Rumschlag M., Todi S.V., Schmidt C.J., Bannon M.J. Opioid Deaths: Trends, Biomarkers, and Potential Drug Interactions Revealed by Decision Tree Analyses // Front Neurosci. 2018. Vol. 12. Р. 728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00728.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houborg E. Methadone, a contested substance: Danish methadone policy in the 1970s // Int. J. Drug. Policy. 2013. Vol. 24 (6). e73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houborg E. Methadone, a contested substance: Danish methadone policy in the 1970s // Int. J. Drug. Policy. 2013. Vol. 24 (6). e73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klimas J., Wood E., Nguyen P., Dong H., Milloy M.J., Kerr T., Hayashi K. The impact of enrolment in methadone maintenance therapy on initiation of heavy drinking among people who use heroin // Eur Add Res. 2016. Vol. 22 (4) Р. 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimas J., Wood E., Nguyen P., Dong H., Milloy M.J., Kerr T., Hayashi K. The impact of enrolment in methadone maintenance therapy on initiation of heavy drinking among people who use heroin // Eur Add Res. 2016. Vol. 22 (4) Р. 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin-Lazaro J.A., Hayde-West J., Chatzimichael S., Kirwin S. Dangerous Triad: Sertraline, Mirtazapine and Methadone // Clin. Med. Rev. Case Rep. 2017. Vol. 4 (Is2). Р. 54. doi: 10.23937/2378–3656/1410154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin-Lazaro J.A., Hayde-West J., Chatzimichael S., Kirwin S. Dangerous Triad: Sertraline, Mirtazapine and Methadone // Clin. Med. Rev. Case Rep. 2017. Vol. 4 (Is2). Р. 54. doi: 10.23937/2378–3656/1410154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones J.D., Mogali S., Comer S.D. Polydrug abuse: A review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use // Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012. Vol. 125 (1) Р. 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones J.D., Mogali S., Comer S.D. Polydrug abuse: A review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use // Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012. Vol. 125 (1) Р. 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug facts. What is fentanyl? URL: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug facts. What is fentanyl? URL: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arfken C.L., Suchanek J., Greenwald M.K. Characterizing fentanyl use in methadone-maintained clients // J. Subs Abuse Treat. 2017. Vol. 75. Р. 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arfken C.L., Suchanek J., Greenwald M.K. Characterizing fentanyl use in methadone-maintained clients // J. Subs Abuse Treat. 2017. Vol. 75. Р. 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Synthetic Drugs Assessment-2017. URL: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/scientists/global-synthetic-drugs-assessment-2017.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Synthetic Drugs Assessment-2017. URL: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/scientists/global-synthetic-drugs-assessment-2017.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пиголкин Ю.И., Должанский О.В., Голубева А.В. Судебно-медицинская диагностика хронической наркотической интоксикации по морфологическим данным // Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2012. № 55(1) С. 34–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigolkin Iu.I., Dolzhanski O.V., Golubeva A.V. Forensic medical diagnostics of chronic narcotic intoxication based on the morphological findings. Forensic Medical Expertise, 2012, No. 55 (1), рр. 34–37. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каримов И.Р., Киселева Л.М., Буланьков Ю.И. Гнойно-воспалительные и септические поражения у ВИЧ-инфицированных наркозависимых лиц как факторы и показатели прогрессии ВИЧ-инфекции // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2012. № 6. С. 224–230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimov I.R., Kiseleva L.M., Bulankov Yu.I. Pyoinflammatory and septic lesions in HIV-infected drug users as factors and indicators of progress HIV-infection. Modern problems of science and education, 2012, No. 6, рр. 224–230 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taheri F., Yaraghi A., Sabzghabaee A.M., Moudi M., Eizadi-Mood N., Gheshlaghi F., Farajzadegan Z. Methadone toxicity in a poisoning referral center // J Res Pharm Pract. 2013. Vol. 2 (3). Р. 130–134. https://doi.org/10.4103/2279-042x.122387</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taheri F., Yaraghi A., Sabzghabaee A.M., Moudi M., Eizadi-Mood N., Gheshlaghi F., Farajzadegan Z. Methadone toxicity in a poisoning referral center // J Res Pharm Pract. 2013. Vol. 2 (3). Р. 130–134. https://doi.org/10.4103/2279-042x.122387</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisenstein T.K., Kaminsky D.E., Rahil R.T., Thomas R.J. Drugs of Abuse and the Immune System // Neuroimmune Pharmacology / eds. H.E.Gendelman, T. Ikezu. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. Р. 531–543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisenstein T.K., Kaminsky D.E., Rahil R.T., Thomas R.J. Drugs of Abuse and the Immune System // Neuroimmune Pharmacology / eds. H.E.Gendelman, T. Ikezu. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. Р. 531–543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catalan J., Harding R., Sibley E., Clucas C., Croome N., Sherr L. HIV infection and mental health: suicidal behaviour-systematic review // Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine. 2011. Vol. 16 (5). Р. 588–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.582125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catalan J., Harding R., Sibley E., Clucas C., Croome N., Sherr L. HIV infection and mental health: suicidal behaviour-systematic review // Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine. 2011. Vol. 16 (5). Р. 588–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.582125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Синенченко А.Г., Софронов А.Г., Зиновьев С.В., Добровольская А.Е., Прокопович Г.А., Тявокина Е.Ю. Анализ оказания психиатрической помощи пациентам в Санкт-Петербургском научно-исследовательском институте скорой помощи имени И. И. Джанелидзе // Скорая медицинская помощь. 2017. № 18 (1). С. 20–25. https://doi.org/10.24884/2072-6716-2017-18-1-20-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinenchenko A.G., Sofronov A.G., Zinoviev S.V., Dobrovolskaya A.E., Prokopovich G.A., Tavokina E.Y. Analysis of psychiatric care of patients in the St. Petersburg I. I. Dzhanelidze research institute of emergency medicine. Emergency medical care, 2017, No. 18 (1), рр. 20–25 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24884/2072-6716-2017-18-1-20-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meemken L., Hanhoff N., Tseng A., Christensen S., Gillessen A. Drug-drug interactions with antiviral agents in people who inject drugs requiring substitution therapy // Ann. Pharmacoth. 2015. Vol. 49 (7). Р. 796–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028015581848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meemken L., Hanhoff N., Tseng A., Christensen S., Gillessen A. Drug-drug interactions with antiviral agents in people who inject drugs requiring substitution therapy // Ann. Pharmacoth. 2015. Vol. 49 (7). Р. 796–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028015581848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
