aidsВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессииHIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders2077-9828Baltic Medical Education Center10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-7-20aids-673Research ArticleРЕДАКЦИОННАЯ СТАТЬЯEDITORIALПостковидный синдром — полиморфизм нарушений при новой коронавирусной инфекцииPostcovid syndrome — polymorphism of disorders in a new coronavirus infectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-2255БеляковН. А.BelyakovN. A.

Беляков Николай Алексеевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заведующий кафедрой социально-значимых инфекций и фтизиопульмонологии

197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8

Saint Petersburg

beliakov.akad.spb@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4537-042XТрофимоваТ. Н.TrofimovaT. N.

Трофимова Татьяна Николаевна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный внештатный специалист по лучевой и инструментальной диагностике, профессор кафедры рентгенологии и радиационной медицины

197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8

Saint Petersburg

ttrofimova@sogaz-clinic.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-0101РассохинВ. В.RassokhinV. V.

Рассохин Вадим Владимирович — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры социально-значимых инфекций и фтизиопульмонологии

197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8

Saint Petersburg

ras-doc@mail.ruРыбаковаМ. Г.RybakovaM. G.

Рыбакова Маргарита Григорьевна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой патологической анатомии с патологоанатомическим отделением

197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8

Saint Petersburg

kaf.patanat@spb-gmu.ruВасильевВ. Б.VasilievB. B.

Васильев Вадим Борисович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом молекулярной генетики

197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, д. 12

Saint Petersburg

vasilyev.vb@iemspb.ruПервый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова; Институт экспериментальной медицины; Санкт-Петербургский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени ПастераРоссияThe first St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I. P. Pavlov; Institute of Experimental Medicine; St.-Petersburg Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after PasteurRussian FederationПервый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова; Институт экспериментальной медициныРоссияThe first St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I. P. Pavlov; Institute of Experimental MedicineRussian FederationПервый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. ПавловаРоссияThe first St. Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I. P. PavlovRussian FederationИнститут экспериментальной медицины; Санкт-Петербургский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени ПастераРоссияInstitute of Experimental MedicineRussian Federation202128012022134720Copyright © Беляков Н.А., Трофимова Т.Н., Рассохин В.В., Рыбакова М.Г., Васильев В.Б., 20222022Беляков Н.А., Трофимова Т.Н., Рассохин В.В., Рыбакова М.Г., Васильев В.Б.Belyakov N.A., Trofimova T.N., Rassokhin V.V., Rybakova M.G., Vasiliev B.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/673

COVID-19, не завершив своего эпидемического развития, постепенно переходит в стадию пролонгированных заболеваний, которая на клиническом уровне обозначена как «постковидный синдром». Симптоматика этих негативных явлений достаточно разнообразна, охватывает дисфункции многих органов и систем и заслуживает формулировки полиморфизма вторичных и отсроченных осложнений. В их основе лежат последствия перенесенной острой фазы воспаления, системные пролонгированные метаболические и структурные нарушения, включая изучаемые генетические расстройства. Рассмотрены возможные причины полиморфизма нарушений и их проявления в постковидном периоде. 

COVID-19, having not completed its epidemic development, gradually passes into the stage of prolonged diseases, which at the clinical level is designated as «postcovid syndrome». The symptomatology of these negative phenomena is quite diverse, covers the dysfunction of many organs and systems, and deserves the formulation of polymorphism of secondary and delayed complications. They are based on the consequences of the transferred acute phase of inflammation, systemic prolonged metabolic and structural disorders, including the studied genetic disorders. Possible causes of polymorphism of disorders and their manifestations in the postcovid period are considered. 

новая коронавирусная инфекция COVID-19постковидный синдромполиморфизмnew coronavirus infection COVID-19postcovid syndromepolymorphismReferencesGreenhalgh T., Knight M., A’Court C., Buxton M., Husain L. Management of post-acute COVID-19 in primary care // Brit. Med. J. 2020. Vol. 370. m3026.Greenhalgh T., Knight M., A’Court C., Buxton M., Husain L. Management of post-acute COVID-19 in primary care // Brit. Med. J. 2020. Vol. 370. m3026.Shah W., Hillman T., Playford E.D., Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of COVID-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline // Brit. Med. J. 2021. Vol. 372. n136.Shah W., Hillman T., Playford E.D., Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of COVID-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline // Brit. Med. J. 2021. Vol. 372. n136.COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 NICE guideline [NG188] Published date: 18 December 2020] (англ.). NICE https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188.COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 NICE guideline [NG188] Published date: 18 December 2020] (англ.). NICE https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188.Lu R. et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding // Lancet. 2020. Vol. 395. Р. 565–574.Lu R. et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding // Lancet. 2020. Vol. 395. Р. 565–574.Hu B., Guo H., Zhou P., Shi Z.-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 // Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021. Vol. 19. Р. 141–154.Hu B., Guo H., Zhou P., Shi Z.-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 // Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021. Vol. 19. Р. 141–154.Shang J. et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2 // Nature. 2020. Vol. 581. Р. 221–224.Shang J. et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2 // Nature. 2020. Vol. 581. Р. 221–224.Wrobel A.G. et al. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects // Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2020. Vol. 27. Р. 763–767.Wrobel A.G. et al. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects // Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2020. Vol. 27. Р. 763–767.Needham D.M. et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013. Vol. 188. Р. 567–576.Needham D.M. et al. Physical and cognitive performance of patients with acute lung injury 1 year after initial trophic versus full enteral feeding. EDEN trial follow-up // Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013. Vol. 188. Р. 567–576.Pandharipande P.P. et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness // N. Engl. J. Med. 2013. Vol. 369. Р. 1306–1316.Pandharipande P.P. et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness // N. Engl. J. Med. 2013. Vol. 369. Р. 1306–1316.Inoue S. et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions // Acute Med. Surg. 2019. Vol. 6. Р. 233–246.Inoue S. et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions // Acute Med. Surg. 2019. Vol. 6. Р. 233–246.Kress J.P., Hall J.B. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness // N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. Vol. 370. Р. 1626–1635.Kress J.P., Hall J.B. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness // N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. Vol. 370. Р. 1626–1635.Hosey M.M., Needham D.M. Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay // Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2020. Vol. 6. Р. 60.Hosey M.M., Needham D.M. Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay // Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2020. Vol. 6. Р. 60.Zahariadis G. et al. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays // Can. Respir. J. 2006. Vol. 13. Р. 17–22.Zahariadis G. et al. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by ruling in another diagnosis: variable incidence of atypical bacteria coinfection based on diagnostic assays // Can. Respir. J. 2006. Vol. 13. Р. 17–22.Zheng Z., Chen R., Li Y. The clinical characteristics of secondary infections of the lower respiratory tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome // Chin. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003. Vol. 2. Р. 270–274.Zheng Z., Chen R., Li Y. The clinical characteristics of secondary infections of the lower respiratory tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome // Chin. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003. Vol. 2. Р. 270–274.Huang C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China // Lancet. 2020. Vol. 395. Р. 497–506.Huang C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China // Lancet. 2020. Vol. 395. Р. 497–506.Lescure F.X. et al. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series // Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020. Vol. 20. Р. 697–706.Lescure F.X. et al. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series // Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020. Vol. 20. Р. 697–706.Zhou F. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study // Lancet. 2020. Vol. 395. Р. 1054–1062.Zhou F. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study // Lancet. 2020. Vol. 395. Р. 1054–1062.Багненко С.Ф., Беляков Н.А., Рассохин В.В., Трофимова Т.Н. Начало эпидемии COVID-19. СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2020. 360 с.Bagnenko S.F., Belyakov N.A., Rassokhin V.V., Trofimova T.N. The beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Baltic Medical Educational Center, 2020, 360 p. (In Russ.).Симбирцев А.С. Иммунологические аспекты патогенеза коронавирусной инфекции // Эволюция коронавирусной инфекции / под ред. Н.А.Белякова, С.Ф.Багненко. СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2020. С. 129–157.Simbirtsev A.S. Immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection. Evolution of coronavirus infection / ed. N.А.Belyakov, S.F.Bagnenko. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Baltic Medical Education Center, 2020, pp. 129–157 (In Russ.).Беляков Н.А., Багненко С.Ф., Рассохин В.В., Трофимова Т.Н. и др. Эволюция пандемии COVID-19: монография. СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2021. 410 с. [Belyakov N.A., Bagnenko S.F., Rassokhin V.V., Trofimova T.N. et al. Evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: monograph. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Baltic Medical Educational Center, 2021, 410 p. (In Russ.)].Belyakov N.A., Bagnenko S.F., Rassokhin V.V., Trofimova T.N. et al. Evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: monograph. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Baltic Medical Educational Center, 2021, 410 p. (In Russ.).Коган Е.А., Березовский Ю.С., Проценко Д.Д., Багдасарян Т.Р. и др. Патологическая анатомия инфекции, вызванной SARS-CoV-2 // Судебная медицина. 2020. Т. 6, № 2. С. 8–30. [Kogan E.A., Berezovsky Yu.S., Protsenko D.D., Bagdasaryan T.R. et al. Pathological anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Forensic Medicine, 2020, Vol. 6, No. 2, рр. 8–30 (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2020-6-2-8-30.Kogan E.A., Berezovsky Yu.S., Protsenko D.D., Bagdasaryan T.R. et al. Pathological anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Forensic Medicine, 2020, Vol. 6, No. 2, рр. 8–30 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2020-6-2-8-30.Рассохин В.В., Самарина А.В., Беляков Н.А., Трофимова Т.Н., Лукина О.В., Гаврилов П.В., Гриненко О.А. Эпидемиология, клиника, диагностика, оценка тяжести заболевания COVID-19 с учетом сопутствующей патологии // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2020. Т. 12, № 2. С. 7–30.Rassokhin V.V., Samarina A.V., Belyakov N.A., Trofimova T.N., Lukina O.V., Gavrilov P.V., Grinenko O.A. Epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis, assessment of the severity of COVID-19 disease, taking into account concomitant pathology. HIV infection and immunosuppression, 2020, Vol. 12, No. 2, рр. 7–30 (In Russ.).Рассохин В.В., Улюкин И.М., Орлова Е.С. Поражения центральной нервной системы, вызванные коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2 // Беляков Н.А., Багненко С.Ф., Рассохин В.В., Трофимова Т.Н. и др. Эволюция пандемии COVID-19: монография. СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2021. С. 240–287Rassokhin V.V., Ulyukin I.M., Orlova E.S. Central nervous system lesions caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Belyakov N.A., Bagnenko S.F., Rassokhin V.V., Trofimova T.N. et al. Evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: monograph. St. Petersburg: Baltic Medical Educational Center, 2021, pp. 240–287 (In Russ.).Wang D., Hu B., Hu C., Zhu F., Liu X., Zhang J., Wang B., Xiang H., Cheng Z., Xiong Y., Zhao Y., Li Y., Wang X., Peng Z. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China // JAMA. 2020. Vol. 323, No. 11. Р. 1061–1069. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.Wang D., Hu B., Hu C., Zhu F., Liu X., Zhang J., Wang B., Xiang H., Cheng Z., Xiong Y., Zhao Y., Li Y., Wang X., Peng Z. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China // JAMA. 2020. Vol. 323, No. 11. Р. 1061–1069. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China // Lancet. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China // Lancet. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.Рыбакова М.Г., Беляков Н.А., Рассохин В.В. Патоморфология органов при COVID-19 // Беляков Н.А., Багненко С.Ф., Рассохин В.В., Трофимова Т.Н. и др. Эволюция пандемии COVID-19: монография. СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2021. С. 311–348.Rybakova M.G., Belyakov N.A., Rassokhin V.V. Organ pathology in COVID-19. Belyakov N.A., Bagnenko S.F., Rassokhin V.V., Trofimova T.N. et al. Evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: monograph. St. Petersburg: Baltic Medical Educational Center, 2021, pp. 311–348 (In Russ.).Шарвадзе Г.Г., Мамедов М.Н. Группы риска во время эпидемии COVID-19: фокус на почки и репродуктивную систему // Профилактическая медицина. 2020. Т. 23, № 7. С. 85–90 https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20202307185.Sharvadze G.G., Mamedov M.N. Risk groups during the COVID-19 epidemic: focus on the kidneys and the reproductive system. Preventive medicine, 2020, Vol. 23, No. 7, рр. 85–90 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20202307185.Петрищев Н.Н., Халепо О.В., Вавиленкова Ю.А., Власов Т.Д. COVID-19 и сосудистые нарушения (обзор литературы) // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. 2020. Т. 19, № 3. С. 90–98. doi: 10.24884/1682-6655-2020-19-3-90-98.Petrishchev N.N., Khalepo O.V., Vavilenkova Yu.A., Vlasov T.D. COVID-19 and vascular disorders (literature review). Regional blood circulation and microcirculation, 2020, Vol. 19, No. 3, рр. 90–98 (In Russ.). doi: 10.24884/1682-6655-2020-19-3-90-98.Литвинов А.С., Савин А.В., Кухтина А.А. Долгосрочные перспективы внелегочного персистирования коронавируса SARS-CoV-2 // Медицина. 2020. Т. 8, № 1. С. 51–73 doi: 10.29234/2308–9113–2020–8-1–51–73.Litvinov A.S., Savin A.V., Kukhtina A.A. Long-term prospects for extrapulmonary persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The medicine, 2020, Vol. 8, No. 1, рр. 51–73 (In Russ.). doi: 10.29234/2308–9113–2020–8-1–51–73.Baig A.M. Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 // CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020. Vol. 26, No. 5. Р. 499–501. DOI: 10.1111/cns.13372.Baig A.M. Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 // CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020. Vol. 26, No. 5. Р. 499–501. DOI: 10.1111/cns.13372.Kuba K., Imai Y., Rao S., Gao H., et al. A crucial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury (англ.) // Nature Medicine: journal. 2005. Vol. 11, No. 8. P. 875–879. DOI: 10.1038/nm1267. PMID 16007097.Kuba K., Imai Y., Rao S., Gao H., et al. A crucial role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury (англ.) // Nature Medicine: journal. 2005. Vol. 11, No. 8. P. 875–879. DOI: 10.1038/nm1267. PMID 16007097.Хлынова О.В., Карпунина Н.С., Василец Л.М. COVID-19 и поражение внутренних органов: что мы знаем, выходя на плато? // Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2020. Т. 180, № 8. С. 4–9. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-180-8-4-9.Khlynova O.V., Karpunina N.S., Vasilets L.M. COVID-19 and internal organ damage: what do we know when we reach a plateau? Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, 2020, Vol. 180, No. 8, pp. 4–9 (In Russ.). doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-180-8-4-9.Kowalczuk S., Bröer A., Tietze N., Vanslambrouck J. M., Rasko J. E., Bröer S. A protein complex in the brush-border membrane explains a Hartnup disorder allele (англ.) // The FASEB. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (англ.) русск. 2008. Vol. 22, No. 8. P. 2880–2887. DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-107300. PMID 18424768.Kowalczuk S., Bröer A., Tietze N., Vanslambrouck J. M., Rasko J. E., Bröer S. A protein complex in the brush-border membrane explains a Hartnup disorder allele (англ.) // The FASEB. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (англ.) русск. 2008. Vol. 22, No. 8. P. 2880–2887. DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-107300. PMID 18424768.Van de Veerdonk F., Netea M.G., van Deuren M., van der Meer J.W., de Mast Q., Bruggemann R.J., van der Hoeven H. Kinins and Cytokines in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Pathophysiological Approach. Preprints. 2020. 2020040023. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202004.0023.v1.Van de Veerdonk F., Netea M.G., van Deuren M., van der Meer J.W., de Mast Q., Bruggemann R.J., van der Hoeven H. Kinins and Cytokines in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Pathophysiological Approach. Preprints. 2020. 2020040023. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202004.0023.v1.Бабаев М.А., Петрушин М.А., Дубровин И.А., Кострица Н.С., Еременко А.А. Острое повреждение миокарда при коронавирусной болезни 2019 (COVID-19) (разбор клинического случая) // Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2020. Т. 8, № 3 (29). С. 87–94. doi: 10.33029/2308-1198-2020-8-3-87-94.Babaev M.A., Petrushin M.A., Dubrovin I.A., Kostritsa N.S., Eremenko A.A. Acute myocardial injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (case study). Clinical and experimental surgery, 2020, Vol. 8, No. 3 (29), рр. 87–94 (In Russ.). doi: 10.33029/2308-1198-2020-8-3-87-94.Явелов И.С. COVID-19 и сердечно-сосудистые заболевания // Международный журнал сердце и сосудистые заболевания. 2020. Т. 8, № 27. С. 5–13.Yavelov I.S. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Heart and Vascular Diseases, 2020, Vol. 8, No. 27, рр. 5–13 (In Russ.).Мареев Ю.В., Мареев В.Ю. Роль возраста, сопутствующих заболеваний и активности ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы в проявлениях COVID-19. Эффекты ингибиторов АПФ и блокаторов ангиотензиновых рецепторов // Кардиология. 2020. Т. 60, № 4. С. 4–9. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.4.n1122.Mareev Yu.V., Mareev V.Yu. The role of age, comorbidities and the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the manifestations of COVID-19. Effects of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Cardiology, 2020, Vol. 60, No. 4. P. 4–9 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.4.n1122.Конради А.О., Недошивин А.О. Ангиотензин II и COVID-19. Тайны взаимодействий // Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020. Т. 25, № 4. С. 3861. https://russjcardiol.elpub.rudoi:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3861.Konradi A.O., Nedoshivin A.O. Angiotensin II and COVID-19. Secrets of interaction. Russian journal of cardiology, 2020, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 3861 (In Russ.). https://russjcardiol.elpub.rudoi:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3861.Sorokin M.Yu., Kasyanov E.D., Rukavishnikov Gv., Makarevich O.V., Neznanov N.G., Morozov P.V., Lutova N.B., Mazo G.E. Stress and stigmatization in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic // Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020. Vol. 62, No. 9. Р. 445–453.Sorokin M.Yu., Kasyanov E.D., Rukavishnikov Gv., Makarevich O.V., Neznanov N.G., Morozov P.V., Lutova N.B., Mazo G.E. Stress and stigmatization in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic // Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020. Vol. 62, No. 9. Р. 445–453.Трофимова Т.Н., Беляков Н.А., Рассохин В.В. Радиология и ВИЧ-инфекция. СПб.: Балтийский медицинский образовательный центр, 2017. 352 с.Trofimova T.N., Belyakov N.A., Rassokhin V.V. Radiology and HIV infection. St. Petersburg: Baltic Medical Educational Center, 2017, 352 p. (In Russ.).Dinnes J., Deeks J.J., Adriano A., Berhane S., Davenport C., Dittrich S., Emperador D. Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2020. Vol. 8. CD013705. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.Dinnes J., Deeks J.J., Adriano A., Berhane S., Davenport C., Dittrich S., Emperador D. Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2020. Vol. 8. CD013705. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.Murray M.F., Kenny E.E., Ritchie M.D., Rader D.J., Bale A.E., Giovanni M.A., Abul-Husn N.S. COVID-19 outcomes and the human genome // Genetics in Medicine. 2020. Vol. 22. Р. 1175–1177.Murray M.F., Kenny E.E., Ritchie M.D., Rader D.J., Bale A.E., Giovanni M.A., Abul-Husn N.S. COVID-19 outcomes and the human genome // Genetics in Medicine. 2020. Vol. 22. Р. 1175–1177.Chau C.H., Strope J.D., Figg W.D. COVID-19 clinical diagnostics and testing technology // Pharmacotherapy. 2020. Vol. 40. Р. 857–868. DOI: 10.1002/phar.2439.Chau C.H., Strope J.D., Figg W.D. COVID-19 clinical diagnostics and testing technology // Pharmacotherapy. 2020. Vol. 40. Р. 857–868. DOI: 10.1002/phar.2439.Esbin M.N., Whitney O.N., Chong S., Maurer A., Darzacq X., Tijian R. Overcoming the bottleneck to widespread testing: a rapid review of nucleic acid testing approaches for COVID-19 detection // RNA. 2020. Vol. 26. Р. 771–783. DOI: 10.1261 /rna.076232.120.Esbin M.N., Whitney O.N., Chong S., Maurer A., Darzacq X., Tijian R. Overcoming the bottleneck to widespread testing: a rapid review of nucleic acid testing approaches for COVID-19 detection // RNA. 2020. Vol. 26. Р. 771–783. DOI: 10.1261 /rna.076232.120.Drosten C., Günther S., Preiser W., van der Werf S., Brodt H.-R. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acuter respiratory syndrome // N. Engl. J. Med. 2003. Vol. 348. Р. 1967–1976. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030747.Drosten C., Günther S., Preiser W., van der Werf S., Brodt H.-R. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acuter respiratory syndrome // N. Engl. J. Med. 2003. Vol. 348. Р. 1967–1976. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030747.Guo Y.R., Cao Q.D., Hong Z.S., Tan Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin H.J., Tan K.S., Wang D.Y., Yan Y. The origin, transmission, and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak — an update on the status // Mil. Med. Res. 2020. Vol. 7. Р. 1–11. doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0.Guo Y.R., Cao Q.D., Hong Z.S., Tan Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin H.J., Tan K.S., Wang D.Y., Yan Y. The origin, transmission, and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak — an update on the status // Mil. Med. Res. 2020. Vol. 7. Р. 1–11. doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0.Zhang J., Xie B., Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapy uticcandidates for the COVID-19 crisis // Brain Behav. Immun. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046.Zhang J., Xie B., Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapy uticcandidates for the COVID-19 crisis // Brain Behav. Immun. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046.Lai Ren, Tang Xiaopeng, Yang Mengli. Transferrin receptor is another receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-96962/v1.Lai Ren, Tang Xiaopeng, Yang Mengli. Transferrin receptor is another receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-96962/v1.Taneri P.E., Gómez-Ochoa S.A., Llanaj E., Raguindin P.F. Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis // European Journal of Epidemiology. 2020. Vol. 35. Р. 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00678-5.Taneri P.E., Gómez-Ochoa S.A., Llanaj E., Raguindin P.F. Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis // European Journal of Epidemiology. 2020. Vol. 35. Р. 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00678-5.Dolan M.E., Hill D.P., Mukherjee G., McAndrews M.S., Chesler E.J., Blake J.A. Investigation of COVID‐19 comorbidities reveals genes and pathways coincident with the SARS‐CoV‐2 viral disease // Sci. Reports. 2020. Vol. 10. Р. 20848. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77632-8.Dolan M.E., Hill D.P., Mukherjee G., McAndrews M.S., Chesler E.J., Blake J.A. Investigation of COVID‐19 comorbidities reveals genes and pathways coincident with the SARS‐CoV‐2 viral disease // Sci. Reports. 2020. Vol. 10. Р. 20848. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77632-8.Syn N.L., Teng M.W., Mok T.S., Soo R.A. De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting // The Lancet. Oncology. 2017. Vol. 18, No. 12. e731–e741. DOI: 10.1016/s1470–2045(17)30607–1.Syn N.L., Teng M.W., Mok T.S., Soo R.A. De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting // The Lancet. Oncology. 2017. Vol. 18, No. 12. e731–e741. DOI: 10.1016/s1470–2045(17)30607–1.Sebastián V.P., Salazar G.A., Coronado-Arrázola I., Schultz B.M., Vallejos O.P., Berkowitz L., Álvarez-Lobos M.M., Riedel C.A., Kalergis A.M., Bueno S.M. Heme Oxygenase-1 as a Modulator of Intestinal Inflammation Development and Progression // Frontiers in Immunology. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01956Sebastián V.P., Salazar G.A., Coronado-Arrázola I., Schultz B.M., Vallejos O.P., Berkowitz L., Álvarez-Lobos M.M., Riedel C.A., Kalergis A.M., Bueno S.M. Heme Oxygenase-1 as a Modulator of Intestinal Inflammation Development and Progression // Frontiers in Immunology. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01956Güssow D., Rein R., Ginjaar I., Hochctenbach F., Seeman G., Kottman A., Ploegh H.L. The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit // J. Immunol. 1987. Р. 3132–3138. PMID 3312414.Güssow D., Rein R., Ginjaar I., Hochctenbach F., Seeman G., Kottman A., Ploegh H.L. The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit // J. Immunol. 1987. Р. 3132–3138. PMID 3312414.Subramaniam A., Shanmugam M.K., Perumal E., Li F., Nachiyappan A., Dai X., Swamy S.N., Ahn K.S., Kumar A.P., Tan B.K., Hui K.M., Sethi G. Potential role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathway in inflammation, survival, proliferation, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2013. Vol. 1835, No. 1. Р. 46–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.002. PMID 23103770.Subramaniam A., Shanmugam M.K., Perumal E., Li F., Nachiyappan A., Dai X., Swamy S.N., Ahn K.S., Kumar A.P., Tan B.K., Hui K.M., Sethi G. Potential role of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathway in inflammation, survival, proliferation, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2013. Vol. 1835, No. 1. Р. 46–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.002. PMID 23103770.Jassal B., Matthews L., Viteri G., Gong C., Lorente P. et.al. The Reactome pathway knowledge // Nucl. Acids Res. 2020. Vol. 48 (D1), D498-D503. DOI: 10.1093/var/gkz1031; PMID 31691815.Jassal B., Matthews L., Viteri G., Gong C., Lorente P. et.al. The Reactome pathway knowledge // Nucl. Acids Res. 2020. Vol. 48 (D1), D498-D503. DOI: 10.1093/var/gkz1031; PMID 31691815.Tanaka T., Narazaki M., KishimotoT. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease // Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2014. Vol. 6. a016295.Tanaka T., Narazaki M., KishimotoT. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease // Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2014. Vol. 6. a016295.Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity // Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003. Vol. 3. Р. 133–146.Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity // Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003. Vol. 3. Р. 133–146.Hirano T., Murakami M. COVID-19: a new virus, but a familiar receptor and cytokine release syndrome // Immunity. 2020. Vol. 52. Р. 731–733.Hirano T., Murakami M. COVID-19: a new virus, but a familiar receptor and cytokine release syndrome // Immunity. 2020. Vol. 52. Р. 731–733.Luo W., Li Y.-X., Jiang L.-J., Chen Q., Wang T., Ye D-W. Targeting JAK-STAT signaling to control cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 // Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2020. Vol. 41. Р. 531–543. DOI: 10.1016/j/tips.2020.06.007.Luo W., Li Y.-X., Jiang L.-J., Chen Q., Wang T., Ye D-W. Targeting JAK-STAT signaling to control cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 // Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2020. Vol. 41. Р. 531–543. DOI: 10.1016/j/tips.2020.06.007.Helms J., Jacquard C., Severac F., Leonard-Loran I., Ohana M. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study // Intensive Care Med. 2020. Vol. 46. Р. 1089–1098. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x.Helms J., Jacquard C., Severac F., Leonard-Loran I., Ohana M. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study // Intensive Care Med. 2020. Vol. 46. Р. 1089–1098. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x.Al-Samkari H., Karp Leaf R.S., Dzik W.H., Carlson J.C.T., Fogerty A.E., Waheed A., Goodarzi K., Bendapudi P.K., Bornikova L., Gupta S., Leaf D.E., Kuter D.J., Rosovsky R. COVID-19, and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection // Blood. 2020. Vol. 136. Р. 489–500. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006520.Al-Samkari H., Karp Leaf R.S., Dzik W.H., Carlson J.C.T., Fogerty A.E., Waheed A., Goodarzi K., Bendapudi P.K., Bornikova L., Gupta S., Leaf D.E., Kuter D.J., Rosovsky R. COVID-19, and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection // Blood. 2020. Vol. 136. Р. 489–500. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006520.Magro C., Mulvey J., Berlin D., Nuovo G., Salvatore S., Harp J., Baxter-Stoltzfus A., Laurence J. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases // Transl. Res. 2020. Vol. 220. Р. 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007.Magro C., Mulvey J., Berlin D., Nuovo G., Salvatore S., Harp J., Baxter-Stoltzfus A., Laurence J. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases // Transl. Res. 2020. Vol. 220. Р. 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007.Shen B., Yi X., Sun Y., Bi X., Du J., Zhang C., Quan S. et al. Proteomic and metabolomic characterization of COVID-19 patient sera // Cell. 2020. Vol. 182. Р. 59–72. e15. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.032.Shen B., Yi X., Sun Y., Bi X., Du J., Zhang C., Quan S. et al. Proteomic and metabolomic characterization of COVID-19 patient sera // Cell. 2020. Vol. 182. Р. 59–72. e15. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.032.Zhu S., Wang Z., Wu X., Shu Y., Lu D. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism is associated with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: color-flow Doppler ultrasound evaluation // Lipids Health Dis. 2014. Vol. 13. Р. 21. DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-21.Zhu S., Wang Z., Wu X., Shu Y., Lu D. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism is associated with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: color-flow Doppler ultrasound evaluation // Lipids Health Dis. 2014. Vol. 13. Р. 21. DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-21.Kuo C.-L., Pilling L.C., Atkins J.L., Masoli J.A.H., Delgado J., Kuchel G.A., Melzer D. APOEe4 genotype predicts severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank community cohort // J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2020. Vol. 75. Р. 2231–2232. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa131.Kuo C.-L., Pilling L.C., Atkins J.L., Masoli J.A.H., Delgado J., Kuchel G.A., Melzer D. APOEe4 genotype predicts severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank community cohort // J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2020. Vol. 75. Р. 2231–2232. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa131.Oikonomopoulou K., Ricklin D., Ward P.A., Lambris J.D. Interactions between coagulation and complement — their role in inflammation // Semin. Immunopathol. 2012. Vol. 34. Р. 151–165. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0280-x.Oikonomopoulou K., Ricklin D., Ward P.A., Lambris J.D. Interactions between coagulation and complement — their role in inflammation // Semin. Immunopathol. 2012. Vol. 34. Р. 151–165. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0280-x.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.