aidsВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессииHIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders2077-9828Baltic Medical Education Center10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-77-89aids-681Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯORIGINAL STUDIESПсихологические особенности сексуальности у ВИЧ-положительных лиц: анализ исследованийPsychological sexuality features in people living with HIV: research analysishttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9075АнтоноваД. В.AntonovaD. V.

Антонова Дарья Владимировна — старший лаборант кафедры психологии кризисных и экстремальных ситуаций факультета психологии; руководитель службы медико-социального сопровождения

SPIN-код: 3638–5952

199034, Санкт-Петербург, наб. Макарова, д. 6

St. Petersburg

peaceineverybody@gmail.comБочаровВ. В.BocharovV. V.

Бочаров Виктор Викторович — кандидат психологических наук, заведующий кафедрой клинической психологии; руководитель лаборатории клинической психологии и психодиагностики; доцент кафедры психологии кризисных и экстремальных ситуаций факультета психологии

SPIN-код: 2199–745

194100, Санкт-Петербург, Литовская ул., д. 2

St. Petersburg

bochvikvik@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0598-7479ХрусталеваН. С.ChrustalevaN. S.

Хрусталева Нелли Сергеевна — доктор психологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой психологии кризисных и экстремальных ситуаций факультета психологии

SPIN-код: 9486–2206

199034, Санкт-Петербург, наб. Макарова, д. 6

St. Petersburg

hns@mail.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный университет; Санкт-Петербургский благотворительный фонд «Гуманитарное действие»РоссияSt. Petersburg State University; The Humanitarian Action FoundationRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский государственный университет; Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет; Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии имени В. М. БехтереваРоссияSt. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University; V. M. Bekhterev’ National research medical center for psychiatry and neurologyRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияSt. Petersburg State UniversityRussian Federation2021280120221347789Copyright © Антонова Д.В., Бочаров В.В., Хрусталева Н.С., 20222022Антонова Д.В., Бочаров В.В., Хрусталева Н.С.Antonova D.V., Bocharov V.V., Chrustaleva N.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/681

Целью исследования являлось проведение анализа публикаций, описывающих исследования психологических особенностей сексуальности у ВИЧ-положительных лиц. Эти особенности рассматривались как фактор, способствующий росту заболеваемости ВИЧ-инфекцией.Методология анализа публикаций. В анализ включались работы, выполненные с 2010 по 2020 г., с правомерным дизайном исследования. Анализ публикаций включал определение используемых в  исследовании понятий, изучение видов психологических особенностей сексуальности, рискованного сексуального поведения и коморбидности ВИЧинфекции с наркотической зависимостью.Результаты анализа. Описаны особенности нарушений сексуальной сферы, связанные с наличием/отсутствием ВИЧинфекции. Обнаружены следующие нарушения сексуальной сферы у ВИЧ-положительных лиц: нарушение взаимоотношений с партнером, дефицит удовлетворенности потребности в принятии и любви, снижение ценности сексуальной жизни. Установлено наличие определенного дефицита и фрагментарности современных зарубежных публикаций и недостаточное количество отечественных публикаций, посвященных изучаемой теме.

The study aimed to analyze the studies regarding the psychological sexuality features in people living with HIV. These features were considered as a factor contributing to the HIV epidemic growth.Publication analysis methodology. The analysis included works performed from 2010 to 2020 with a legitimate study design.The publication analysis included: the definition of the concepts used, the study of the types of psychological sexuality features, risky sexual behavior, and the comorbidity of HIV with drug addiction.Analysis results. Features of sexual dysfunctions associated with the presence/absence of HIV were revealed in the study. The following negative effects in the sexual sphere of people living with HIV were identified in the study: violation of relationships with a partner and satisfaction of the acceptance and love needs, as well as reduced sexual life. The presence of a certain deficit and fragmentation of modern foreign publications and an insufficient number of domestic publications on the topic of research has been established. 

ВИЧ-инфекцияпсихологические особенности сексуальностисамооценка сексуальностисексуальная мотивацияHIVpsychological sexuality featuresself-concept of sexualitysexual motivationReferencesUNAIDS DATA 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. 432 p.UNAIDS DATA 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. 432 p.Hogan A.B., Jewell B., Sherrard-Smith E., Vesga J., Watson O.J., Whittaker C., Hamlet A., Smith J., Ainslie K., Baguelin M., Bhatt S., Boonyasiri A., Brazeau N.F., Cattarino L., Charles G., Cooper L.V., Coupland H., Cuomo-Dannenberg G., Dighe A., Djaafara B., Donnelly C.A., Dorigatti I., Eaton J.W., van Elsland S.L., FitzJohn R., Fu H., Gaythorpe K., Green W., Haw D.J., Hayes S., Hinsley W., Imai N., Knock E., Laydon D., Lees J., Mangal T., Mellan T., Mishra S., Nedjati-Gilani G., Nouvelles P., Okell L., Ower A., Parag K.V., Pickles M., Stoppard I., Thompson H.A., Unwin H.J.T., Verity R., Vollmer M., Walters C., Wang H., Wang Y., Whittles L, Winskill P., Xi X., Ferguson N.M., Churcher T., Arinaminpathy N., Ghani A., Walker P., Hallett T.B. The potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, T, B, and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. Imperial College London, 2020. 29 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25561/78670.Hogan A.B., Jewell B., Sherrard-Smith E., Vesga J., Watson O.J., Whittaker C., Hamlet A., Smith J., Ainslie K., Baguelin M., Bhatt S., Boonyasiri A., Brazeau N.F., Cattarino L., Charles G., Cooper L.V., Coupland H., Cuomo-Dannenberg G., Dighe A., Djaafara B., Donnelly C.A., Dorigatti I., Eaton J.W., van Elsland S.L., FitzJohn R., Fu H., Gaythorpe K., Green W., Haw D.J., Hayes S., Hinsley W., Imai N., Knock E., Laydon D., Lees J., Mangal T., Mellan T., Mishra S., Nedjati-Gilani G., Nouvelles P., Okell L., Ower A., Parag K.V., Pickles M., Stoppard I., Thompson H.A., Unwin H.J.T., Verity R., Vollmer M., Walters C., Wang H., Wang Y., Whittles L, Winskill P., Xi X., Ferguson N.M., Churcher T., Arinaminpathy N., Ghani A., Walker P., Hallett T.B. The potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, T, B, and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. Imperial College London, 2020. 29 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25561/78670.World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2019–2018 data. 2019. 95 p.World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2019–2018 data. 2019. 95 p.Доклад по результатам исследования по оценке социально-экономических потерь общества от эпидемии ВИЧ/СПИД в России. Аналитический центр при Правительстве Российской Федерации, 2020. 264 с.Report on the results of a study to assess the socio-economic losses of society from the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia. Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, 2020, 264 p. (In Russ.).Покровский В.В., Ладная Н.Н., Покровская А.В. ВИЧ/СПИД сокращает число Россиян и продолжительность их жизни // Демографическое обозрение. 2017. Т. 4, № 1. С. 65–82.Pokrovskij V.V., Ladnaja N.N., Pokrovskaja A.V. HIV/AIDS reduces the number of Russians and their life expectancy. Demographic Review, 2017, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 65–82 (In Russ.).World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2018–2017 data, 2018, 122 p.World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2018–2017 data, 2018, 122 p.Хеймер Р., Миллс Х.Л., Уайт Э., Викерман П., Колийн К. Моделирование эпидемии вируса иммунодефицита человека в Санкт-Петербурге // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2014. Т. 6, № 1. С. 59–65.Kheymer R., Mills Kh.L., Uayt E., Vikerman P., Kolijn K. Modeling the expansion of the HIV epidemic in St. Petersburg, RF. HIV infection and immunosuppression, 2014, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59–65 (In Russ.).Штейман А.А. Медико-социальный портрет ВИЧ-инфицированных беременных женщин // Успехи современной науки. 2016. Т. 1, № 4. С. 131–135.Shteyman A.A. Medico-social profile of HIV-infected pregnant women. Successes in modern science, 2016, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 131–135 (In Russ.).UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic: 4th global report. Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 236 p.UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic: 4th global report. Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. 236 p.Jarman M., Walsh S., De Lacey G. Keeping safe, keeping connected: A qualitative study of HIV-positive women’s experiences of partner relationships // Psychology & Health. 2005. Vol. 20, No. 4. P. 533–551. DOI: 10.1080/14768320500083667.Jarman M., Walsh S., De Lacey G. Keeping safe, keeping connected: A qualitative study of HIV-positive women’s experiences of partner relationships // Psychology & Health. 2005. Vol. 20, No. 4. P. 533–551. DOI: 10.1080/14768320500083667.Nguyen N.T., Keithly S.C. A qualitative study on the sexual behavior of people living with HIV in Vietnam // AIDS care — psychological and socio-medical aspects of AIDS/HIV. 2012. Vol. 24, No. 7. P. 921–928. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2011.644230.Nguyen N.T., Keithly S.C. A qualitative study on the sexual behavior of people living with HIV in Vietnam // AIDS care — psychological and socio-medical aspects of AIDS/HIV. 2012. Vol. 24, No. 7. P. 921–928. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2011.644230.Pinho A. A., Barbosa R.M., Brignol S., Villela W., Monteiro S.S. Drivers of sexual inactivity among women living with HIV and AIDS: findings of the GENIH study in São Paulo, Brazil // Archives of sexual behavior. 2018. Vol. 47, No. 7. P. 1983–1993. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1110-6.Pinho A. A., Barbosa R.M., Brignol S., Villela W., Monteiro S.S. Drivers of sexual inactivity among women living with HIV and AIDS: findings of the GENIH study in São Paulo, Brazil // Archives of sexual behavior. 2018. Vol. 47, No. 7. P. 1983–1993. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1110-6.Акулова М.В. Социально-психологические проблемы интеграции в социум семей, затронутых эпидемией ВИЧ-инфекции // Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2015. Т. 23, № 4. С. 69–82. doi: 10.17759/cpp.2015230405.Akulova M.V. The sociopsychological challenges of the integration of families affected by HIV into society. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, 2015, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 69–82. doi: 10.17759/cpp.2015230405 (In Russ.).Hirshfield S., Schrimshaw E.W., Stall R.D., Margolis A.D., Downing M.J., Chiasson M.A. Drug use, sexual risk, and syndemic production among men who have sex with men who engage in group sexual encounters // American Journal of Public Health. 2015. Vol. 105, No. 9. P. 1849–1858. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302346.Hirshfield S., Schrimshaw E.W., Stall R.D., Margolis A.D., Downing M.J., Chiasson M.A. Drug use, sexual risk, and syndemic production among men who have sex with men who engage in group sexual encounters // American Journal of Public Health. 2015. Vol. 105, No. 9. P. 1849–1858. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302346.Zhang L., Chow E.P.F., Su S., Yiu W.L., Zhang X., Ka I. Iu, Tung K., Zhao R., Sun P., Sun X., Yuan L., Muessig K.E., Tucker J.D., Jing J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence, trends, and geographical distribution of HIV among Chinese female sex workers (2000–2011): implications for preventing sexually transmitted HIV // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015. No. 39. P. 76–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.08.014.Zhang L., Chow E.P.F., Su S., Yiu W.L., Zhang X., Ka I. Iu, Tung K., Zhao R., Sun P., Sun X., Yuan L., Muessig K.E., Tucker J.D., Jing J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence, trends, and geographical distribution of HIV among Chinese female sex workers (2000–2011): implications for preventing sexually transmitted HIV // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015. No. 39. P. 76–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.08.014.Турсунов Р.А. Влияние ВИЧ-инфекции на качество жизни людей, живущих с ВИЧ/СПИД // Вестник Авиценны. 2013. № 1 (54). С. 138–148.Tursunov R.A. The impact of HIV infection on the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS. Bulletin of Avicenna, 2013, No. 1 (54), pp. 138–148. (In Russ.).Гидденс Э. Трансформация интимности. СПб.: Питер, 2004. 208 с.Giddens Je. Transformation of intimacy. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Piter, 2004. 208 p. (In Russ.).Мастерс У., Джонсон В., Колонди Р. Основы сексологии / пер. с англ. Н.О. Фоминой и др.; под ред. д-ра биол. н. Н.Д. Фанченко. М.: Мир, 1998, 692 с.Masters U., Dzhonson V., Kolondi R. Fundamentals of sexology. Translation from English N.O. Fomina et al. Edited by Doctor of Biological Sciences Fanchenko. Moscow: Published house Mir, 1998, 692 p. (In Russ.).Shukla M., Agarwal M., Singh J.V., Tripathi A.K., Srivastava A.K., Singh V.K. High-risk sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS attending tertiary care hospitals in the district of Northern India // Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases. 2016. Vol. 37, No. 1. P. 46–51. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7184.176212.Shukla M., Agarwal M., Singh J.V., Tripathi A.K., Srivastava A.K., Singh V.K. High-risk sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS attending tertiary care hospitals in the district of Northern India // Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases. 2016. Vol. 37, No. 1. P. 46–51. DOI: 10.4103/0253-7184.176212.Dolan K., Wirtz A.L., Moazen B., Ndeffombah M., Galvani A., Kinner S.A., Courtney R., McKee M., Amon J.J., Maher L., Hellard M., Beyrer C., Altice F.L. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees // Lancet. 2016. Vol. 388, No. 10049 P. 1089–1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/Dolan K., Wirtz A.L., Moazen B., Ndeffombah M., Galvani A., Kinner S.A., Courtney R., McKee M., Amon J.J., Maher L., Hellard M., Beyrer C., Altice F.L. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees // Lancet. 2016. Vol. 388, No. 10049 P. 1089–1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/George M.S., Lambert H. «I am doing fine only because I have not told anyone»: the necessity of concealment in the lives of people living with HIV in India // Culture, Health & Sexuality. 2015. Vol. 17, No. 8. P. 933–946. DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2015.1009947.George M.S., Lambert H. «I am doing fine only because I have not told anyone»: the necessity of concealment in the lives of people living with HIV in India // Culture, Health & Sexuality. 2015. Vol. 17, No. 8. P. 933–946. DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2015.1009947.Psaros C., Barinas J., Robbins G.K., Bedoya C.A., Safren S.A., Park E.R. Intimacy and sexual decision making: exploring the perspective of HIV positive women over 50 // AIDS patient care and STDs. 2012. Vol. 26, No. 12. P. 755–760. DOI: 10.1089/apc.2012.0256.Psaros C., Barinas J., Robbins G.K., Bedoya C.A., Safren S.A., Park E.R. Intimacy and sexual decision making: exploring the perspective of HIV positive women over 50 // AIDS patient care and STDs. 2012. Vol. 26, No. 12. P. 755–760. DOI: 10.1089/apc.2012.0256.Светличная Т.Г., Мосягин И.Г., Губерницкая С.В. Сексуальная культура: мультидисциплинарный подход к проведению исследований // Экология человека. 2012. №. 8. С. 19–24.Svetlichnaja T.G., Mosjagin I.G., Gubernickaja S.V. Sexual culture: a multidisciplinary approach to research. Human Ecology, 2012, No. 8, pp. 19–24 (In Russ.).Келли Г.Ф. Основы современной сексологии. Пер. с англ. А. Голубев и др. 6-е междунар. изд. СПб и др.: Питер, 2000. 889с.Kelli G.F. Fundamentals of modern sexology. Translation from English A. Golubev et al. 6th international edition. St. Petersburg and others: Publishing house Piter, 2000, 889 p. (In Russ.).Зинченко Ю.П. Философско-психологические аспекты изучения репродуктивной функции человека // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 7, Философия. 2003. №. 5. С. 53–61.Zinchenko Ju.P. Philosophical and psychological aspects of the study of human reproductive functions. Moscow University Physics Bulletin. Ser. 7, Philosophy, 2003, No. 5, pp. 53–61 (In Russ.).Тупицын Ю.Я., Бочаров В.В., Алхазова Т.В., Бродская Е.В. Я-структурный тест Аммона: опросник для оценки центральных личностных функций на структурном уровне: пособие для психологов и врачей. СПб.: НИПНИ им. В.М.Бехтерева, 1998. 70 с.Tupitsyn Yu.Ya., Bocharov V.V., Alkhazova T.V., Brodskaya E.V. Ammon’s I-structural test: a questionnaire for assessing central personality functions at the structural level: a manual for psychologists and doctors. St. Petersburg: V.M. Bekhterev’ National research medical center for psychiatry and neurology, 1998, 70 p. (In Russ.).Психологическая диагностика расстройств эмоциональной сферы и личности / под ред. Л.И.Вассермана, О.Ю.Щелковой. СПб.: Скифия-принт, 2014. 408 с.Psychological diagnosis of disorders of the emotional sphere and personality / ed. L.I.Wasserman, O.Yu.Schelkova. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Skifija-print, 2014, 408 p. (In Russ.).Bernier A., Lefèvre M., Henry E., Verdes L., Acosta M.E., Benmoussa A., Mukumbi H., Cissé M., Otis J., Préau M. HIV seropositivity and sexuality: cessation of sexual relations among men and women living with HIV in five countries // AIDS care. 2016. Vol. 28, No. 1. P. 26–31. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1146208.Bernier A., Lefèvre M., Henry E., Verdes L., Acosta M.E., Benmoussa A., Mukumbi H., Cissé M., Otis J., Préau M. HIV seropositivity and sexuality: cessation of sexual relations among men and women living with HIV in five countries // AIDS care. 2016. Vol. 28, No. 1. P. 26–31. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1146208.Carlsson-Lalloo Runnersner M., Mellgren A., Berg M. Sexuality and reproduction in HIV-positive women: a meta-synthesis // AIDS patient care and STDs. 2016. Vol. 30, No. 2. P. 56–69. DOI: 10.1089/apc.2015.0260.Carlsson-Lalloo Runnersner M., Mellgren A., Berg M. Sexuality and reproduction in HIV-positive women: a meta-synthesis // AIDS patient care and STDs. 2016. Vol. 30, No. 2. P. 56–69. DOI: 10.1089/apc.2015.0260.Gurevich M., Mathieson C.M., Bower J., Dhayanandhan B. Disciplining bodies, desires, and subjectivities: sexuality and HIV-positive women // Feminism & Psychology. 2007. Vol. 17, No. 1. P. 9–38. DOI: 10.1177/0959353507072910.Gurevich M., Mathieson C.M., Bower J., Dhayanandhan B. Disciplining bodies, desires, and subjectivities: sexuality and HIV-positive women // Feminism & Psychology. 2007. Vol. 17, No. 1. P. 9–38. DOI: 10.1177/0959353507072910.Kaida A., Carter A., de Pokomandy A., Patterson S., Proulx-Boucher K., Nohpal A., Sereda P., Colley G., O’Brien N., Thomas-Pavanel J., Beaver K., Nicholson V.J., Tharao W., Fernet M., Otis J., Hogg R.S., Loutfy M. Sexual inactivity and sexual satisfaction among women living with HIV in Canada in the context of growing social, legal and public health surveillance // Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2015. Vol. 18, No. 5. P. 29–38. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.18.6.20284.Kaida A., Carter A., de Pokomandy A., Patterson S., Proulx-Boucher K., Nohpal A., Sereda P., Colley G., O’Brien N., Thomas-Pavanel J., Beaver K., Nicholson V.J., Tharao W., Fernet M., Otis J., Hogg R.S., Loutfy M. Sexual inactivity and sexual satisfaction among women living with HIV in Canada in the context of growing social, legal and public health surveillance // Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2015. Vol. 18, No. 5. P. 29–38. DOI: 10.7448/IAS.18.6.20284.Lambert S., Keegan A., Petrak J. Sex and relationships for HIV positive women since HAART: a quantitative study // Sexually transmitted infections. 2015. Vol. 81, No. 4. P. 333–337. DOI: 10.1136/sti.2004.013516.Lambert S., Keegan A., Petrak J. Sex and relationships for HIV positive women since HAART: a quantitative study // Sexually transmitted infections. 2015. Vol. 81, No. 4. P. 333–337. DOI: 10.1136/sti.2004.013516.Siegel K., Schrimshaw E.W., Lekas H. Diminished sexual activity, interest, and feelings of attractiveness among HIV-infected women in two eras of the AIDS epidemic // Archives of sexual behavior. 2006. Vol. 35, No. 4. P. 437–449. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-006-9043-5.Siegel K., Schrimshaw E.W., Lekas H. Diminished sexual activity, interest, and feelings of attractiveness among HIV-infected women in two eras of the AIDS epidemic // Archives of sexual behavior. 2006. Vol. 35, No. 4. P. 437–449. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-006-9043-5.Wilson T.E., Jean-Louis G., Schwartz R. et al. HIV infection and women’s sexual functioning // Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 2010. Vol. 54, No. 4. P. 360–367. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d01b14.Wilson T.E., Jean-Louis G., Schwartz R. et al. HIV infection and women’s sexual functioning // Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 2010. Vol. 54, No. 4. P. 360–367. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d01b14.Wekesa E., Coast E. Living with HIV post-diagnosis: a qualitative study of the experiences of Nairobi slum residents // BMJ open. 2013. Vol. 3, No. 5. P. 1–9. DOI: 10.1136BMJ open-2012-002399.Wekesa E., Coast E. Living with HIV post-diagnosis: a qualitative study of the experiences of Nairobi slum residents // BMJ open. 2013. Vol. 3, No. 5. P. 1–9. DOI: 10.1136BMJ open-2012-002399.Wamoyi J., Mbonye M., Seeley J., Birungi J., Jaffar S. Changes in sexual desires and behaviors of people living with HIV after initiation of ART: Implications for HIV prevention and health promotion // BMC Public health. 2011. Vol. 11, No. 633. P. 1–11. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/633.Wamoyi J., Mbonye M., Seeley J., Birungi J., Jaffar S. Changes in sexual desires and behaviors of people living with HIV after initiation of ART: Implications for HIV prevention and health promotion // BMC Public health. 2011. Vol. 11, No. 633. P. 1–11. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/633.Carter A., Greene S., Money D., Sanchez M., Kath WWebster Nicholson V., Brotto L.A., Hankins C., Kestler M., Pick N., Salters K., ProulxBoucher K., OO’BrienN., Patterson S., de Pokomandyk A., Loutfy M., Kaida A. The importance of sex in the lives of women living with HIV: a critical quantitative analysis // International journal of sexual health. 2018. Vol. 30, No. 1. P. 92–110. DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2018.1447527.Carter A., Greene S., Money D., Sanchez M., Kath WWebster Nicholson V., Brotto L.A., Hankins C., Kestler M., Pick N., Salters K., ProulxBoucher K., OO’BrienN., Patterson S., de Pokomandyk A., Loutfy M., Kaida A. The importance of sex in the lives of women living with HIV: a critical quantitative analysis // International journal of sexual health. 2018. Vol. 30, No. 1. P. 92–110. DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2018.1447527.Thai T.T., Jones M.K., Harris L.M., Heard R.C. The association between symptoms of mental disorders and health risk behaviors in Vietnamese HIV positive outpatients: a cross-sectional study // BMC Public health. 2017. Vol. 17, No. 250. P. 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4162-6.Thai T.T., Jones M.K., Harris L.M., Heard R.C. The association between symptoms of mental disorders and health risk behaviors in Vietnamese HIV positive outpatients: a cross-sectional study // BMC Public health. 2017. Vol. 17, No. 250. P. 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4162-6.Schönnesson L.N., Zeluf G., Garcia-Huidobro D., Ross M.W., Eriksson L.E., Ekstrom A.M. Sexual (dis)satisfaction and its contributors among people living with HIV infection in Sweden // Archives of sexual behavior. 2018. Vol. 47, No. 7. P. 2007–2026. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1106-2.Schönnesson L.N., Zeluf G., Garcia-Huidobro D., Ross M.W., Eriksson L.E., Ekstrom A.M. Sexual (dis)satisfaction and its contributors among people living with HIV infection in Sweden // Archives of sexual behavior. 2018. Vol. 47, No. 7. P. 2007–2026. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1106-2.Arnold E.A., Rebchook G.M., Kegeles S.M. «Triply cursed»: racism, homophobia, and HIV-related stigma are barriers to regular HIV testing, treatment adherence, and disclosure among young Black gay men // Culture, health & sexuality. 2014. Vol. 16, No. 6. P. 710–722. DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2014.905706.Arnold E.A., Rebchook G.M., Kegeles S.M. «Triply cursed»: racism, homophobia, and HIV-related stigma are barriers to regular HIV testing, treatment adherence, and disclosure among young Black gay men // Culture, health & sexuality. 2014. Vol. 16, No. 6. P. 710–722. DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2014.905706.Lee S., Yamazaki M., Harris D.R., Harper G.W., Ellen J. Social support, and human immunodeficiency virus-status disclosure to friends and family: implications for human immunodeficiency virus-positive youth // Journal of adolescent health. 2015. No. 57. P. 73–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.002.Lee S., Yamazaki M., Harris D.R., Harper G.W., Ellen J. Social support, and human immunodeficiency virus-status disclosure to friends and family: implications for human immunodeficiency virus-positive youth // Journal of adolescent health. 2015. No. 57. P. 73–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.002.Сыропятов О.Г., Дзеружинская Н.А., Солдаткин В.А. Психические и поведенческие расстройства при ВИЧ-инфекции и СПИДе: учебное пособие / Укр. воен.-мед. акад. МО Украины. СПб.: ГБОУ ВПО РОСТГМУ Минздравсоцразвития России, 2013. 87 с..Syropjatov O.G., Dzeruzhinskaja N.A., Soldatkin V.A. Mental and behavioral disorders in HIV and AIDS: a training manual / Ukrainian Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine. St. Petersburg: Publishing house GBOU VPO ROSTGMU Minzdravsocrazvitija Rossii, 2013, 87 p. (In Russ.).Шаболтас А.В. Психологические основы превенции ВИЧ-инфекции. СПб.: Скифия-принт, 2015. 694 с.Shaboltas A.V. The psychological basis of HIV prevention. St. Petersburg: Publishing house Skifija-print, 2015. 694 p. (In Russ.].Tomori C., McFall A.M., Srikrishnan A.K., Mehta S.H., Nimmagadda N., Anand S., Vasudevan C.K., Solomon S., Solomon S.S., Celentano D.D. The prevalence and impact of childhood sexual abuse on HIV-risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in India // BMC Public health. 2016. Vol. 16, No. 784. P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3446-6.Tomori C., McFall A.M., Srikrishnan A.K., Mehta S.H., Nimmagadda N., Anand S., Vasudevan C.K., Solomon S., Solomon S.S., Celentano D.D. The prevalence and impact of childhood sexual abuse on HIV-risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in India // BMC Public health. 2016. Vol. 16, No. 784. P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3446-6.Medina-Perucha L., Family H., Scott J., Chapman S., Dack C. Factors associated with sexual risks and risk of STIs, HIV and other blood-borne viruses among women using heroin and other drugs: a systematic literature review // AIDS and behavior. 2019. Vol. 23, No. 1. P. 222–251. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2238-7.Medina-Perucha L., Family H., Scott J., Chapman S., Dack C. Factors associated with sexual risks and risk of STIs, HIV and other blood-borne viruses among women using heroin and other drugs: a systematic literature review // AIDS and behavior. 2019. Vol. 23, No. 1. P. 222–251. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2238-7.Hasse B., Ledergerber B., Hirschel B., Vernazza P., Glass T.R., Jeannin A., Evison J., Elzi L., Cavassini M., Bernasconi E., Nicca D., Weber R. Frequency and determinants of unprotected sex among HIV-infected persons: the Swiss HIV cohort study // Clinical infectious diseases. 2010. Vol. 51, No. 11. P. 1314–1322. DOI: 10.1086/656809.Hasse B., Ledergerber B., Hirschel B., Vernazza P., Glass T.R., Jeannin A., Evison J., Elzi L., Cavassini M., Bernasconi E., Nicca D., Weber R. Frequency and determinants of unprotected sex among HIV-infected persons: the Swiss HIV cohort study // Clinical infectious diseases. 2010. Vol. 51, No. 11. P. 1314–1322. DOI: 10.1086/656809.Avila M.M., dos Ramos Farı´as M.S., Fazzi1 L., Romero M., Reynaga E., Marone R., Pando M.A. High frequency of illegal drug use influences condom use among female transgender sex workers in Argentina: impact on HIV and syphilis infections // AIDS and behavior. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 7. P. 2059–2068. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1766-x.Avila M.M., dos Ramos Farı´as M.S., Fazzi1 L., Romero M., Reynaga E., Marone R., Pando M.A. High frequency of illegal drug use influences condom use among female transgender sex workers in Argentina: impact on HIV and syphilis infections // AIDS and behavior. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 7. P. 2059–2068. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1766-x.Nideröst S., Grediga D., Roulin C., Rickenbach M. Predictors of HIV-protection behavior in HIV-positive men who have sex with casual male partners: a test of the explanatory power of an extended Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills model // AIDS care. 2011. Vol. 23, No. 7. P. 908–919. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2010.538661.Nideröst S., Grediga D., Roulin C., Rickenbach M. Predictors of HIV-protection behavior in HIV-positive men who have sex with casual male partners: a test of the explanatory power of an extended Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills model // AIDS care. 2011. Vol. 23, No. 7. P. 908–919. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2010.538661.Запарий Н.С. Заболеваемость и инвалидность взрослого населения вследствие болезней, обусловленных ВИЧ, и мероприятия по их снижению // Вестник Всероссийского общества специалистов по медико-социальной экспертизе, реабилитации и реабилитационной индустрии. 2012, No. 2. С. 21–26.Zaparij N.S. Incidence and disability of adult population owing to the diseases caused by HIV and action for their decrease. Bulletin of the All-Russian Society of Specialists in Medical and Social Expertise, Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Industry, 2012, No. 2, pp. 21–26 (In Russ.).Turan B., Budhwani H., Fazeli P.L., Browning W.R., Raper J.L., Mugavero M.J., Turan J.M. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes // AIDS and Behavior. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 1. P. 283–291. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5.Turan B., Budhwani H., Fazeli P.L., Browning W.R., Raper J.L., Mugavero M.J., Turan J.M. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes // AIDS and Behavior. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 1. P. 283–291. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5.Millar B.M., Starks T.J., Gurung S., Parsons J.T. The impact of comorbidities, depression, and substance use problems on quality of life among older adults living with HIV // AIDS and behavior. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 6. P. 1684–1690. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1613-5.Millar B.M., Starks T.J., Gurung S., Parsons J.T. The impact of comorbidities, depression, and substance use problems on quality of life among older adults living with HIV // AIDS and behavior. 2017. Vol. 21, No. 6. P. 1684–1690. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1613-5.Donnelly L.R., Bailey L., Jessani A., Postnikoff J., Kerston P., Brondani M. Stigma experiences in marginalized people living with HIV seeking health services and resources in Canada // Journal of the association of nurses in AIDS care. 2016. Vol. 27, No. 6. P. 768–783. DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2016.07.003Donnelly L.R., Bailey L., Jessani A., Postnikoff J., Kerston P., Brondani M. Stigma experiences in marginalized people living with HIV seeking health services and resources in Canada // Journal of the association of nurses in AIDS care. 2016. Vol. 27, No. 6. P. 768–783. DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2016.07.003Gagnon M. Re-thinking HIV-related stigma in Health Care settings: a qualitative study // Journal of the association of nurses in AIDS care. 2015. Vol. 26, No. 6. P. 703–719. DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2015.07.005.Gagnon M. Re-thinking HIV-related stigma in Health Care settings: a qualitative study // Journal of the association of nurses in AIDS care. 2015. Vol. 26, No. 6. P. 703–719. DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2015.07.005.Илюк Р.Д., Ильюшкина Е.В., Святенко В.С., Джалилова З.О., Громыко Д.И., Ерофеева Н.А., Берно-Беллекур И.В., Торбан М.Н., Киселев А.С., Незнанов Н.Г., Крупицкий Е.М. Сравнительное исследование социально-психологических, поведенческих и клинических характеристик опиоидзависимых с ВИЧ-позитивным и ВИЧ-негативным статусами. Сообщение 2: сравнительный анализ личностных характеристик, показателей агрессии и гнева, копинг-стратегий, смысложизненных ориентаций, стигматизации, качества жизни // Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М.Бехтерева. 2016. № 4. С. 25–41.Ilyuk R.D., Il’yushkina E.V., Svyatenko V.S., Dzhalilova Z.O., Gromyko D.I., Erofeeva N.A., Berno-Bellekur I.V., Torban M.N., Kiselev A.S., Neznanov N.G., Krupickij E.M. A comparative study of the psychosocial, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of HIV-positive and HIV-negative opioid users. Part 2: comparative analysis of personal characteristics, indicators of aggression, anger, coping strategies, stigma, quality and purpose of life. V.M.Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 2016, No. 4, pp. 25–41 (In Russ.).Клиническая психотерапия в наркологии (Руководство для врачей-психотерапевтов) / под ред. Р.К.Назырова, Д.А.Федоряка, С.В.Ляшковской. СПб.: НИПНИ им. В.М. Бехтерева, 2012. 456 с.Clinical psychotherapy in narcology (Guide for psychotherapists) / under. ed. R.K.Nazyrova, D.A.Fedoryak, S.V.Lyashkovsky. St. Petersburg: V.M.Bekhterev’ National research medical center for psychiatry and neurology, 2012, 456 p. (In Russ.).Менделевич В.Д. Клиническая и медицинская психология. Практическое руководство. М.: МЕДпресс, 1998. 587 с.Mendelevich V.D. Clinical and medical psychology. A practical guide. Moscow: MEDpress, 1998, 587 p. (In Russ.).Агибалова Т.В., Поплевченков К.Н. Клинические и личностные особенности больных, употребляющих психостимуляторы и другие психоактивные вещества // Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C.Корсакова. 2018. Т. 118. № 1–2. С. 10–15. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20181181210–15.Agibalova T.V., Poplevchenkov K.N. Clinical and personality characteristics of patients using psychostimulants and other psychoactive substances. C.C. Korsakov’ Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2018, Vol. 118, No. 1–2, pp. 10–15. doi: 10.17116/jnevro20181181210-15 (In Russ.).Weaver M.F., Hopper J.F., Gunderson E.W. Designer drugs 2015: assessment and management // Addiction science and clinical practice. 2015. Vol. 10. P. 8–11. DOI: 10.1186/s13722-015-0024-7.Weaver M.F., Hopper J.F., Gunderson E.W. Designer drugs 2015: assessment and management // Addiction science and clinical practice. 2015. Vol. 10. P. 8–11. DOI: 10.1186/s13722-015-0024-7.Ларченко А.В., Суворов М.А., Андрюхин В.И., Кауров Я.А., Суворов А.В. Синтетические катиноны и каннабиноиды — новые психоактивные вещества (обзор) // Современные технологии в медицине. 2017. Т. 9, № 1. С. 185–197. doi: 10.17691/stm2017.9.1.23.Larchenko A.V., Suvorov M.A., Andrjuhin V.I., Kaurov Ja.A., Suvorov A.V. Synthetic Cathinones and Cannabinoids are New Psychoactive Substances (Review). Modern technologies in medicine, 2017, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 185–197. doi: 10.17691/stm2017.9.1.23 (In Russ.).Скрябин В.Ю., Романов А.С., Хоряев Д.С., Шипицин В.В., Брюн Е.А. «Химический секс»: обзор литературы // Наркология. 2018. Т. 17. № 3. С. 88–92. DOI: 10.25557/1682-8313.2018.03.88-92.Skrjabin V.Ju., Romanov A.S., Horjaev D.S., Shipicin V.V., Brjun E.A. ChemSex: a literature review. Narcology, 2018, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 88–92. DOI: 10.25557/1682-8313.2018.03.88-92 (In Russ.).Скочилов Р.В., Асерова Э.Р., Лахов А.Т., Годунова Ю.В., Корень С.В. Поведенческие риски передачи ВИЧ-инфекции у потребителей синтетических катинонов (по результатам полевого исследования) // Вопросы наркологии. 2020. № 11 (194). С. 30–48. doi: 10.47877/0234- 0623_2020_11_30.Skochilov R.V., Aserova Je.R., Lahov A.T., Godunova Ju.V., Koren’ S.V. Behavioral risks of HIV transmission among users of synthetic cathinones: field research findings. Addiction issues, 2020, No. 11 (194), pp. 30–48. doi: 10.47877/0234-0623_2020_11_30 (In Russ.).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.