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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aids</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-9828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Baltic Medical Education Center</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-2-37-47</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aids-808</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Распространенность лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ-1 среди детей, включенных в национальную программу профилактики передачи инфекции от матери ребенку, в провинциях Центрального нагорья и Южного Вьетнама в 2017–2021 гг.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among early diagnosed HIV-infected children enrolled through the national program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Southern and Central Highland provinces — Vietnam within 2017–2021</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-6103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хюинь</surname><given-names>Х.К.Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Huynh</surname><given-names>H.K.T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хюинь Хоанг Кхань Тху — магистр биологии (генетика), главный научный сотрудник Национальной референс-лаборатории по ВИЧ</p><p>Вьетнам, Хошимин, р-н 3, округ Во Тхи Сау, ул. Пастера, д. 167</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Huynh Hoang Khanh Thu — Master of Science (Genetics), Principal Researcher, National Reference Laboratory of HIV</p><p>167 Pasteur, Vo Thi Sau Ward, Dist. 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hhkthupasteur@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-102X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валутите</surname><given-names>Д. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valutite</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валутите Диана Эдуардовна — врач клинической лабораторной диагностики, отделение диагностики ВИЧ и СПИД-ассоциированных заболеваний</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana E. Valutite — Medical Doctor, Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor, Laboratory of HIV Immunology and Virology</p><p>197101, St. Petersburg, Mira str., 14</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dianavalutite008@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-3674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щемелев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Schemelev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щемелев Александр Николаевич — младший научный сотрудник, лаборатории иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr N. Schemelev — Junior Researcher, Laboratory of HIV Immunology and Virology</p><p>197101, St. Petersburg, Mira str., 14</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0078-9681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыденко</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydenko</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Давыденко Владимир Сергеевич — аспирант, младший научный сотрудник, лаборатории иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir S. Davydenko — Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher Laboratory of HIV Immunology and Virology</p><p>197101, St. Petersburg, Mira str., 14</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir_david@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-8897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Останкова Юлия Владимировна — кандидат биологических наук, заведующая лабораторией иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p><p>197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Мира, д. 14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ostankova Yulia Vladimirovna — PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of HIV Immunology and Virology</p><p>197101, St. Petersburg, Mira str., 14</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6454-1100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуонг</surname><given-names>Т.С.Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Truong</surname><given-names>T.X.L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чуонг Тхи Суан Льен — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, бывший заместитель директора Института Пастера в Хошимине, профессор факультета фармации Университета Ван Ланга</p><p>Вьетнам, Хошимин, ул. Фан Ван Три, д. 233А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Truong Thi Xuan Lien — Associate Professor, PhD, Former deputy director of Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Professor at Van Lang University, Department of Pharmacy</p><p>233A Phan Van Tri Str., Ward 11, Strict Binh Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">truongxuanlien@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4473-878X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тон</surname><given-names>Ч.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tran</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чан Тон — доктор медицинских наук, руководитель Национальной референс-лаборатории ВИЧ </p><p>Вьетнам, Хошимин, р-н, д. 3, округ Во Тхи Сау, ул. Пастера, д. 167</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tran Ton — MD, PhD, Head of National Reference Laboratory of HIV</p><p>167 Pasteur Str., Vo Thi Sau Ward, Dist. 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trantonlx@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-928X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нгуен</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тхуонг Ву Нгуен — доктор медицинских наук, заместитель директора </p><p>Вьетнам, Хошимин, р-н 3, округ Во Тхи Сау, ул. Пастера, д. 167</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Thuong Vu Nguyen — MD, PhD, Deputy director</p><p>167 Pasteur Str., Vo Thi Sau Ward, Dist. 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nguyenthuong@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-8219</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семенов Александр Владимирович — доктор биологических наук, директор федерального бюджетного учреждения науки «Федеральный научно-исследовательский институт вирусных инфекций «Виром» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</p><p>620030, Екатеринбург, ул. Летняя, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Semenov — MD, PhD, Director</p><p>Ekaterinburg, Russia, Letnaya, Str, 23</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexvsemenov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт имени Пастера в г. Хошимин</institution><country>Вьетнам</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City</institution><country>Viet Nam</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Ван Ланг</institution><country>Вьетнам</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Van Lang University</institution><country>Viet Nam</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ вирусных инфекций «Виром»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSRIVI «VIROME»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хюинь Х., Валутите Д.Э., Щемелев А.Н., Давыденко В.С., Останкова Ю.В., Чуонг Т., Тон Ч., Нгуен Т.В., Семенов А.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хюинь Х., Валутите Д.Э., Щемелев А.Н., Давыденко В.С., Останкова Ю.В., Чуонг Т., Тон Ч., Нгуен Т.В., Семенов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Huynh H., Valutite D.E., Schemelev A.N., Davydenko V.S., Ostankova Y.V., Truong T., Tran T., Nguyen T.V., Semenov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/808">https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/808</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Во Вьетнаме с 2013 г. возрос мониторинг профилактики передачи ВИЧ от матери к ребенку. Однако данные об устойчивости к антиретровирусным препаратам среди ВИЧ-инфицированных детей в возрасте до 18 месяцев по-прежнему отсутствуют.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Исследование было направлено на определение распространенности резистентности ВИЧ к лекарственным препаратам и видов мутаций среди детей в возрасте до 18 месяцев, ранее не получавших антиретровирусные препараты, у которых недавно был диагностирован ВИЧ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В период с мая 2017 по май 2021 г. в Центральном нагорье и Южном Вьетнаме были собраны остаточные образцы сухих пятен крови у детей в возрасте до 18 месяцев, у которых был диагностирован ВИЧ в результате планового тестирования в ходе ранней диагностики у младенцев. Проведены тесты на устойчивость ВИЧ к лекарственным препаратам с помощью секвенирования с интерпретацией полученных результатов в соответствии с базой данных Стэнфордского университета.</p><p>Результаты и их обсуждение. Всего для генотипирования было собрано 111 образцов с подходящей вирусной нагрузкой для секвенирования (значение ct&lt;31), из которых было получено 110 последовательностей протеазы и 106 фрагментов обратной транскриптазы. Пациенты мужского пола составляли 61,3%, 52,3% были в возрасте от 6 недель до &lt;9 месяцев и 37,0% находились на грудном вскармливании. О доступе к профилактике передачи ВИЧ от матери к ребенку сообщили 60,3%. Основные мутации лекарственной устойчивости были обнаружены у 43,8% детей раннего возраста, и большинство из них были устойчивы к ненуклеозидным ингибиторам обратной транскриптазы (ННИОТ) (37,7%). Резистентность высокого уровня к невирапину присутствовала в 40% случаев. Факторами риска, связанными с устойчивостью к ННИОТ, были антиретровирусная профилактика (OR: 3,68, 95% ДИ: 1,83–7,45) и грудное вскармливание в анамнезе (OR: 2,16, 95% ДИ: 1,03–4,53). CRF01-AE был преобладающим генетическим вариантом ВИЧ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Исследование выявило высокую распространенность резистентности к ННИОТ среди ВИЧ-инфицированных младенцев в возрасте до 18 месяцев в провинциях Центрального нагорья и Южного Вьетнама. Это подчеркивает необходимость дальнейшего исследования и потенциально более масштабного национального исследования для подтверждения масштабов этой проблемы во Вьетнаме. Наши результаты подтверждают текущие действия Министерства здравоохранения Вьетнама, которое отдает приоритет схемам на основе ингибиторов интегразы в качестве предпочтительной первой линии АРТ у детей для достижения стойкого подавления вируса и минимизации неэффективности лечения. Такой подход соответствует рекомендациям Всемирной организации здравоохранения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. In Vietnam, there has been an increase in efforts to monitor and prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV since 2013. However, data on HIV drug resistance among HIV-1 infected children younger than 18 months of age remain limited. The study fills a critical knowledge gap by providing important insights into the prevalence of resistance among this population in the Southern and Central Highland provinces of Vietnam.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV drug resistance and patterns of mutation among treatment-naïve children under the age of 18 months who had been recently diagnosed with HIV.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Between May 2017 and May 2021, stored remnant DBS samples were collected from children under the age of 18 months who had been diagnosed with HIV through routine Early Infant Diagnosis testing in Central Highland and Southern Vietnam. HIV drug resistance tests were performed, and interpretation was done using the Stanford algorithm.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Overall, 111 samples with eligible viremia for sequencing (ct value &lt;31) were collected for genotyping, in which 110 protease sequences and 106 complete reverse transcriptase regions were generated. Males were 61.3%, 52.3% were aged from 6 weeks to &lt;9 months and 37.0% were breastfed. Access to mother-to-child intervention was reported in 60.3%. The accumulation of major drug resistance mutations was found in 43.8% of infants and most of them were resistant to Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) (37.7%). High-level resistance to Nevirapine was present in 40% of cases. The risk factors associated with NNRTI resistance were antiretroviral prophylaxis (aOR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.83–7.45) and breast-feeding history (aOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.03–4.53). CRF01-AE was the predominant subtype.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study identified a high prevalence of resistance to NNRTIs among HIV-1 infected infants less than 18 months of age in the Southern and Central Highland provinces of Vietnam. This highlights the need for further investigation and a potentially larger national survey to confirm the extent of this issue in Vietnam. Our findings support the current actions of the Vietnam Ministry of Health, which prioritize integrase inhibitor-based regimens as the preferred first line of ART for children to achieve durable viral suppression and minimize treatment failure. This approach aligns with the recommendations of the World Health Organization.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-1</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>профилактика передачи ВИЧ от матери ребенку</kwd><kwd>ранняя диагностика у новорожденных</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV-1</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>prevention of mother-to-child transmission</kwd><kwd>early infant diagnosis</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) allocated at Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNICEF, Elimination of mother-to-child transmission, Avalable from https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/emtct, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNICEF, Elimination of mother-to-child transmission, Avalable from https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/emtct, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jordan M.R., Penazzato M., Cournil A. et al. 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