<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aids</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2077-9828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Baltic Medical Education Center</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-15-25</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">aids-822</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные особенности эпидемии коинфекции ВИЧ и сифилиса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current characteristics of the HIV/syphilis co-infection epidemic</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-8649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чирская</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chirskaia</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чирская Мария Александровна  — заведующая поликлиническим соматическим отделением</p><p>190103, Санкт-Петербург, наб. Обводного канала, д. 179</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariya-gezej@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ястребова</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yastrebova</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ястребова Елена Борисовна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры социально-значимых инфекций и фтизиопульмонологии </p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8, корп. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena_yastrebova@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-5393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красносельских</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnoselskikh</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красносельских Татьяна Валерьевна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры  дерматовенерологии с клиникой</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8, корп. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatiana.krasnoselskikh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-2158</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилюк</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilyuk</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Данилюк Мальвина Игоревна — ассистент кафедры дерматовенерологии с клиникой</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8, корп. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malvinadaniliuk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр по профилактике и борьбе со СПИД и инфекционными заболеваниями</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чирская М.А., Ястребова Е.Б., Красносельских Т.В., Данилюк М.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чирская М.А., Ястребова Е.Б., Красносельских Т.В., Данилюк М.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chirskaia M.A., Yastrebova E.B., Krasnoselskikh T.V., Danilyuk M.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/822">https://hiv.bmoc-spb.ru/jour/article/view/822</self-uri><abstract><p>Сифилис, как и ВИЧ-инфекция, остается актуальной проблемой общественного здравоохранения ввиду распространенности в группах повышенного поведенческого риска: среди мужчин, имеющих половые контакты с мужчинами (МСМ), трансгендерных женщин и женщин-работниц коммерческого секса (РКС). Среди МСМ непропорционально широко распространена ВИЧ-инфекция, и в этой же группе возрастает число случаев одновременного заражения сифилисом и ВИЧ, что заслуживает особого внимания. Удельный вес ВИЧ-инфекции среди больных сифилисом, по данным литературы, составляет в среднем 15,7%. При этом он существенно варьирует — от 3% в общей популяции до 90% среди МСМ. Данные эпидемиологического наблюдения показали рост числа случаев сочетания ВИЧ и сифилиса в группе МСМ, доля пациентов с коинфекцией варьирует от 30 до 60% в зависимости от региона. Синдемия обусловлена тем фактом, что инфицирование сифилисом может способствовать передаче и заражению ВИЧ-инфекцией. Риск заражения ВИЧ-инфекцией среди лиц с сифилисом увеличивается в 2–5 раз. Контроль над распространением ИППП постепенно усложняется в результате облегчения поиска сексуальных партнеров через Интернет и мобильные приложения для знакомств. В связи с эпидемиологическими особенностями заболеваемости сифилисом среди МСМ скрининг, диагностика и лечение ИППП у данной когорты должны быть приоритетными для учреждений здравоохранения. Раннее выявление и своевременное лечение этих социально значимых заболеваний играют важную роль при проведении противоэпидемических мероприятий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Syphilis, alongside with HIV infection, remains a pressing public health issue due to its widespread prevalence among high-risk groups: men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women, and female sex workers (FSW). The MSM group shows a disproportionately high prevalence rate of HIV infection, with cases of syphilis/HIV co-infection also on the rise in this population. The increase in these co-infection cases deserves special attention. According to the literature, the rate of HIV infection among syphilis patients averages 15.7%. In addition, it varies significantly, going from 3% in the general population to 90% among MSM. Epidemiological surveillance data showed an increase in cases of HIV/syphilis co-infection in the MSM group, with the proportion of co-infection patients varying from 30 to 60% depending on the region. This syndemia can be explained by the fact that syphilis can contribute to HIV transmission and acquisition. The risk of HIV infection is 2 to 5 times higher among people with syphilis. At the same time, STDs are more and more difficult to control as the Internet and dating applications have made it easier to find potential sex partners. Given the high prevalence rate of syphilis among MSM, screening, diagnosis and treatment of STDs in this population should be a health care priority. Early detection and timely treatment of these socially significant diseases play an important role in epidemic prevention measures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>сифилис</kwd><kwd>коинфекция</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>МСМ</kwd><kwd>синдемия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>syphilis</kwd><kwd>co-infection</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>MSM</kwd><kwd>syndemia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эпидемиологические оценочные данные ЮНЭЙДС 2022. Электронный ресурс. https://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/fact-sheet, активен на 09.10.2022 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNAIDS 2022 epidemiological estimates. Online resource (In Russ.) https://www.unaids.org/ru/resources/fact-sheet, активен на 09.10.2022 г.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalichman S.C., Pellowski J., Turner C. Prevalence of sexually trans mitted coinfections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention // Sexually transmitted infections. 2011. Vol. 87, No. 3. Р. 183–190. doi: 10.1136/sti.2010.047514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalichman S.C., Pellowski J., Turner C. Prevalence of sexually trans mitted coinfections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention // Sexually transmitted infections. 2011. Vol. 87, No. 3. Р. 183–190. doi: 10.1136/sti.2010.047514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беляков Н.А., Рассохин В.В., Розенталь В.В. и др. Эпидемиология ВИЧ-инфекции. Место мониторинга, научных и дозорных наблюдений, моделирования и прогнозирования обстановки // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2019. Т. 11, № 2. С. 7–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-2-7-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyakov N.A., Rassokhin V.V., Rozental V.V. Epidemiology of HIV infection. Place of monitoring, scientific and sentinel observations, modeling and forecasting of the situation. HIV infection and immunosuppression, 2019, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 7–26 (In Russ.) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828- 2019-11-2-7-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прожерин С.В. Мониторинг заболеваемости инфекциями, передаваемыми половым путем, среди людей, живущих с ВИЧ // Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2020. Т. 19, № 6. С. 795–801. doi 10.17116/klinderma202019061795. EDN ZIQJRA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prozherin S.V. Monitoring the incidence of sexually transmitted infections among people living with HIV. Clinical dermatology and venereology, 2020, Vol. 19, No. 6, рр. 795–801 (In Russ.). doi 10.17116/klinderma202019061795. EDN ZIQJRA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЮНЭЙДС. Обзор фактических данных, Реализация стратегии ЮНЭЙДС на 2016–2021 гг. по ускорению мер для прекращения эпидемии СПИДа. Женева: ЮНЭЙДС, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNAIDS. Evidence review, Implementing the UNAIDS strategy 2016–2021 to accelerate action to end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2020 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЮНЭЙДС. Доклад о глобальной эпидемии СПИДа — Не упустить момент — Устранить неравенство, чтобы покончить с эпидемиями. Женева: ЮНЭЙДС, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNAIDS. Evidence review, Implementing the UNAIDS strategy 2016–2021 to accelerate action to end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2020 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention // Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. 2016. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention // Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. 2016. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreisel K.M., Spicknall I.H., Gargano J.W. et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Among US Women and Men: Prevalence and Incidence Estimates, 2018 // Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2021. Vol. 48, Issue 4. Р. 208–214. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001355, https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2021/04000/Sexually_Transmitted_Infections_Among_US_Women_and.2.aspx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreisel K.M., Spicknall I.H., Gargano J.W. et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Among US Women and Men: Prevalence and Incidence Estimates, 2018 // Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2021. Vol. 48, Issue 4. Р. 208–214. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001355, https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2021/04000/Sexually_Transmitted_Infections_Among_US_Women_and.2.aspx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowley J., Vander Hoorn S., Korenromp E. et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016 // Bull World Health Organ. 2019. Vol. 97. Р. 548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowley J., Vander Hoorn S., Korenromp E. et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016 // Bull World Health Organ. 2019. Vol. 97. Р. 548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Report on globally sexually transmitted infection surveillance, 2015. Дата обращения: 02.10.2022 г. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/249553/9789241565301-eng.pdf; jsessionid=25DA348EE7CDFC387C271F7767AFD 756?sequence=1a.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Report on globally sexually transmitted infection surveillance, 2015. Дата обращения: 02.10.2022 г. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/249553/9789241565301-eng.pdf; jsessionid=25DA348EE7CDFC387C271F7767AFD 756?sequence=1a.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CDC. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Syphilis Statistics. 2022 Дата обращения: 07.10.2022 г. https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stats.htm.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CDC. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Syphilis Statistics. 2022 Дата обращения: 07.10.2022 г. https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stats.htm.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Национальные академии наук, инженерии и медицины. Инфекции, передающиеся половым путем: принятие парадигмы сексуального здоровья. Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Издательство национальных академий, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17226/25955, https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2020/overview.htm#Syphilis.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Adopting a Sexual Health Paradigm. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2021 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17226/25955, https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2020/overview.htm#Syphilis.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muldoon E., Mulcahy F. Syphilis resurgence in Dublin, Ireland // Int. J. STD AIDS. 2011. Vol. 22, No. 9. P. 493–497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muldoon E., Mulcahy F. Syphilis resurgence in Dublin, Ireland // Int. J. STD AIDS. 2011. Vol. 22, No. 9. P. 493–497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абуамриа Ала Ну Ман А., Гаджимурадов М.Н., Хайрулаев М.А. и др. Поздний скрытый сифилис в Дагестане — причины роста // Уральский медицинский журнал. 2019. № 3. С. 111–118. https://doi.org/10.25694/URMJ.2019.03.34.(https://umj.usma.ru/jour/article/view/522).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abuamria Ala Nu Man A., Gadzhimuradov M.N., Khairulaev M.A. et al. Late latent syphilis in Dagestan  — the reasons for the growth. Ural Medical Journal, 2019, No. 3, pp. 111–118 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25694/URMJ.2019.03.34.(https://umj.usma.ru/jour/article/view/522).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петунова Я.Г. Итоги работы дерматовенерологической службы Санкт-Петербурга за 2022 год, ГОМКО, СПб ГБУЗ «Городской кожно-венерологический диспансер». СПб., 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Petunova Ya.G. Results of the work of the Dermatovenerological Service of St. Petersburg for 2022, GOMKO, St. Petersburg GBUZ «City Dermatovenerologic Dispensary». St. Petersburg, 2022 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данные информационно-аналитического портала iMonitoring, электронный ресурс https://www.iminfin.ru.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data from the information and analytical portal iMonitoring, electronic resource (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коробко А.В., Орлова И.А., Смирнова Н.В. и др. Сифилис у пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией — значение медико-социальных факторов в развитии сочетанной инфекции // ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2014. Т. 6, № 4. С. 57–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korobko A.V., Orlova I.A., Smirnova N.V. Syphilis in patients with HIV infection  — the importance of medical and social factors in the development of co-infection. HIV infection and immunosuppression, 2014, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 57–56 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chesson H.W., Pinkerton S.D., Voigt R., Counts G.W. HIV infections and associated costs attributable to syphilis coinfection among African Americans // Am. J. Public. Health. 2003. Vol. 93. P. 943–948. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.6.943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chesson H.W., Pinkerton S.D., Voigt R., Counts G.W. HIV infections and associated costs attributable to syphilis coinfection among African Americans // Am. J. Public. Health. 2003. Vol. 93. P. 943–948. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.6.943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кубанова А.А., Лесная И.Н., Кубанов А.А. и др. Анализ эпидемиологической ситуации и динамика заболеваемости инфекциями, передаваемыми половым путем и дерматозами на территории Российской Федерации // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 2010. № 5. С. 4– 21. EDN MXFMRP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kubanova A.A., Lesnaya I.N., Kubanov A.A. Analysis of the epidemiological situation and dynamics of the incidence of sexually transmitted infections and dermatoses in the territory of the Russian Federation. Bulletin of Dermatology and Venereology, 2010, No. 5, pp. 4–21 (In Russ.) EDN MXFMRP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H-M., Peng R-R., Li J. et al. HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in China: a meta-analysis of published studies // PLoS One. 2011. No. 6. e23431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023431, pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H-M., Peng R-R., Li J. et al. HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in China: a meta-analysis of published studies // PLoS One. 2011. No. 6. e23431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023431, pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng Y., Bu K., Li M. et al. Meta-analysis of HIV infection incidence and risk factors among men who have sex with men in China // Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2015. Vol. 36. Р. 752–758. pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng Y., Bu K., Li M. et al. Meta-analysis of HIV infection incidence and risk factors among men who have sex with men in China // Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2015. Vol. 36. Р. 752–758. pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564708.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arora P., Nagelkerke N.J.D., Jha P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for sexual transmission of HIV in India // PLoS One. 2012. Vol. 7. e44094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044094 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arora P., Nagelkerke N.J.D., Jha P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for sexual transmission of HIV in India // PLoS One. 2012. Vol. 7. e44094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044094 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hung P., Osias E., Konda K.A. et al. High Lifetime Prevalence of Syphilis in Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Versus Low Lifetime Prevalence in Female Sex Workers in Lima, Peru // Sex Transm. Dis. 2020. Vol. 47, No. 8. Р. 549–555. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001200. PMID: 32541611; PMCID: PMC7357539.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hung P., Osias E., Konda K.A. et al. High Lifetime Prevalence of Syphilis in Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Versus Low Lifetime Prevalence in Female Sex Workers in Lima, Peru // Sex Transm. Dis. 2020. Vol. 47, No. 8. Р. 549–555. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001200. PMID: 32541611; PMCID: PMC7357539.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reisner S.L., Vetters R., White J.M. et al. Laboratory-confirmed HIV and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center // AIDS Care. 2015. Vol. 27. Р. 1031–1036. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1020750.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reisner S.L., Vetters R., White J.M. et al. Laboratory-confirmed HIV and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center // AIDS Care. 2015. Vol. 27. Р. 1031–1036. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1020750.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pathela P., Braunstein S.L., Blank S. et al. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015. Vol. 61, No. 2. Р. 281–287. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pathela P., Braunstein S.L., Blank S. et al. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015. Vol. 61, No. 2. Р. 281–287. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalichman S.C., Pellowski J., Turner C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention // Sex Transm. Infect. 2011. Vol. 87, No. 3. Р. 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.047514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalichman S.C., Pellowski J., Turner C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention // Sex Transm. Infect. 2011. Vol. 87, No. 3. Р. 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2010.047514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boily M.C., Baggaley R.F., Wang L. et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies // The Lancet infectious diseases. 2009. Vol. 9, No. 2. P. 118–129. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boily M.C., Baggaley R.F., Wang L. et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies // The Lancet infectious diseases. 2009. Vol. 9, No. 2. P. 118–129. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ouedraogo A. Impact of suppressive herpes therapy on genital HIV RNA among women taking antiretroviral therapy: a random ized controlled trial // AIDS. 2006. Vol. 20, No. 18. P. 2305–2313. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328010238d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ouedraogo A. Impact of suppressive herpes therapy on genital HIV RNA among women taking antiretroviral therapy: a random ized controlled trial // AIDS. 2006. Vol. 20, No. 18. P. 2305–2313. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328010238d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rompalo A.M., Lawlor J., Seaman P. et al. Modification of syphilitic genital ulcer manifestations by coexistent HIV infection // Sex Transm. Dis. 2001. Vol. 28, No. 8. P. 448–454. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200108000-00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rompalo A.M., Lawlor J., Seaman P. et al. Modification of syphilitic genital ulcer manifestations by coexistent HIV infection // Sex Transm. Dis. 2001. Vol. 28, No. 8. P. 448–454. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200108000-00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гречанская Л.В. Клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика и лечение инфекций, передающихся половым путем, у ВИЧ-инфицированных: автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. Харьков, 2006. 23 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grechanskaya L.V. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and treatment of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected: Ph.D. dis. … cand. medical sciences. Kharkov, 2006. 23 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плавинский С.Л., Баринова А.Н., Ерошина К.М. и др. Инфекции, передаваемые половым путем (ИППП) и ВИЧ-инфекция в группах риска. Распространяются ли возбудители по одним и тем же сетям? // Медицина. 2013. № 3. С. 46–56. doi.org/10.17116/klinderma202019061795.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plavinsky S.L., Barinova A.N., Eroshina K.M. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV infection in risk groups. Do pathogens spread through the same networks? Medicine, 2013, No. 3, рр. 46–56 (In Russ.) doi.org/10.17116/klinderma202019061795.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самарина А.В., Дементьева Н.Е., Лисицина З.Н. и др. Анализ концентраций РНК ВИЧ в крови и цервиковагинальном секрете в популяции ВИЧ-14 инфицированных женщин Санкт-Петербурга // Медицинский академический журнал. 2013. Т. 13, № 4. С. 77–86. doi.org/10.17816/MAJ13477-86. EDN RUIPCH.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samarina A.V., Dementieva N.E., Lisitsina Z.N. Analysis of HIV RNA concentrations in blood and cervico-vaginal secretions in a population of HIV-14 infected women in St. Petersburg. Medical academic journal, 2013, Vol. 13, No. 4, рр. 77–86 (In Russ.) doi.org/10.17816/MAJ13477-86. EDN RUIPCH.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самарина А.В., Лисицина З.Н., Мартиросян М.М. и др. Сравнение показателей вирусной нагрузки в плазме крови и цервиковагинальном содержимом ВИЧ-инфицированных женщин при использовании различных методов планирования семьи // Журнал акушерства и женских болезней. 2013. Т. 62, № 4. C. 48–54. doi: 10.17816/JOWD62448-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samarina A.V., Lisitsina Z.N., Martirosyan M.M. Comparison of viral load indicators in blood plasma and cervicovaginal contents of HIV-infected women using various methods of family planning. Journal of Obstetrics and Women’s Diseases, 2013, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 48–54 (In Russ.)  doi: 10.17816/JOWD62448-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson L.F., David A.L. The effect of genital tract infections on HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Sexually transmitted diseases. 2008. Vol. 35, No. 11. Р. 946–959. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181812d15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson L.F., David A.L. The effect of genital tract infections on HIV-1 shedding in the genital tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Sexually transmitted diseases. 2008. Vol. 35, No. 11. Р. 946–959. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181812d15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cu-Uvin S., Hogan J.W., Caliendo A.M. et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in the female genital tract // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001. Vol. 33. Р. 894–896. doi: 10.1086/322613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cu-Uvin S., Hogan J.W., Caliendo A.M. et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in the female genital tract // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001. Vol. 33. Р. 894–896. doi: 10.1086/322613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buchacz K., Patel P., Taylor M. et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections // AIDS. 2004. Vol. 18, No. 15. Р. 2075–2079. doi: 10.1097/00002030–200410210–00012. PMID: 15577629; PMCID: PMC6763620.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buchacz K., Patel P., Taylor M. et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections // AIDS. 2004. Vol. 18, No. 15. Р. 2075–2079. doi: 10.1097/00002030–200410210–00012. PMID: 15577629; PMCID: PMC6763620.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Красносельских Т.В., Соколовский Е.В. Патогенез и современные особенности клинической картины приобретенного сифилиса (часть I) // Современные проблемы дерматовенерологии, иммунологии и врачебной косметологии. 2010. № 2 (9). С. 73–76. EDN MUYWVZ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnoselskikh T.V., Sokolovsky E.V. Pathogenesis and modern features of the clinical picture of acquired syphilis (part I). Modern problems of dermatovenereology, immunology and medical cosmetology, 2010, No. 2 (9), pp. 73–76 (In Russ.) EDN MUYWVZ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weintrob A.C., Gu W., Qin J. et al. Syphilis coinfection does not affect HIV disease progression // Int. J. STD AIDS. 2010. Vol. 21, No. 1. P. 57– 59. doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weintrob A.C., Gu W., Qin J. et al. Syphilis coinfection does not affect HIV disease progression // Int. J. STD AIDS. 2010. Vol. 21, No. 1. P. 57– 59. doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sellati T.J., Wilkinson D.A., Sheffield J.S. et al. Virulent Treponema pallidum, lipoprotein, and synthetic lipopeptides induce CCR5 on human monocytes and enhance their susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 // J. Infect. Dis. 2000. Vol. 181. Р. 283–293. doi: 10.1086/315209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sellati T.J., Wilkinson D.A., Sheffield J.S. et al. Virulent Treponema pallidum, lipoprotein, and synthetic lipopeptides induce CCR5 on human monocytes and enhance their susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 // J. Infect. Dis. 2000. Vol. 181. Р. 283–293. doi: 10.1086/315209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection // Sex Transm. Infect. 1999. Vol. 75, No. 1. Р. 3–17. doi: 10.1136/sti.75.1.3.4-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection // Sex Transm. Infect. 1999. Vol. 75, No. 1. Р. 3–17. doi: 10.1136/sti.75.1.3.4-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radolf J.D., Deka R.K., Anand A. et al. Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: making a living as a stealth pathogen // Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016. Vol. 14. Р. 744–759. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radolf J.D., Deka R.K., Anand A. et al. Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: making a living as a stealth pathogen // Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016. Vol. 14. Р. 744–759. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lafond R.E., Lukehart S.A. Biological basis for syphilis // Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2006. Vol. 19. Р. 29–49. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lafond R.E., Lukehart S.A. Biological basis for syphilis // Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2006. Vol. 19. Р. 29–49. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Theus S.A. Treponema pallidum, lipoproteins, and synthetic lipoprotein analogues induce human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 gene expression in monocytes via NF-kappaB activation // J. Infect. Dis. 1998. Vol. 177. Р. 941–950. doi: 10.1086/515240.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Theus S.A. Treponema pallidum, lipoproteins, and synthetic lipoprotein analogues induce human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 gene expression in monocytes via NF-kappaB activation // J. Infect. Dis. 1998. Vol. 177. Р. 941–950. doi: 10.1086/515240.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dragic T., Litwin V., Allaway G.P. et al. Hiv-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5 // Nature. 1996. Vol. 381. Р. 667–673. doi: 10.1038/381667a0 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8649512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragic T., Litwin V., Allaway G.P. et al. Hiv-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5 // Nature. 1996. Vol. 381. Р. 667–673. doi: 10.1038/381667a0 pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8649512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bentwich Z., Maartens G., Torten D. et al. Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis // AIDS. 2000. Vol. 14. Р. 2071–2081. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200009290-00002. PMID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11061647.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bentwich Z., Maartens G., Torten D. et al. Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis // AIDS. 2000. Vol. 14. Р. 2071–2081. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200009290-00002. PMID: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11061647.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson D.P., Prestage G.P., Gray R.T. et al. Chemoprophylaxis is likely to be acceptable and could mitigate syphilis epidemics among populations of gay men // Sex. Transm. Dis. 2011. Vol. 38. Р. 573–579. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31820e64fd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson D.P., Prestage G.P., Gray R.T. et al. Chemoprophylaxis is likely to be acceptable and could mitigate syphilis epidemics among populations of gay men // Sex. Transm. Dis. 2011. Vol. 38. Р. 573–579. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31820e64fd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molina J.-M., Charreau I., Chidiac C. et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: an open-label randomised substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial // Lancet Infectious diseases. 2018. Vol. 18, No. 3. Р. 308–317. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30725-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molina J.-M., Charreau I., Chidiac C. et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: an open-label randomised substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial // Lancet Infectious diseases. 2018. Vol. 18, No. 3. Р. 308–317. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30725-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
