Эпидемиологические особенности и психоневрологические последствия инфицирования людей вирусом Нипах

В лекции изложены современные представления об этиологии, особенностях эпидемического процесса, механизмах поражения организма человека, клинических проявлениях, диагностике, лечении и профилактике инфекции, вызванной вирусом Нипах. Особое внимание уделено характеристикам отдельных вспышек инфекционного процесса в различных географических регионах мира, ранним и отдаленным психопатологическим, неврологическим и когнитивным последствиям вследствие поражения людей вирусом Нипах. Подчеркнуты факторы риска возникновения и быстрого распространения инфекции с очень высоким коэффициентом летальности, достигающим 100%, что определяет высокий пандемический потенциал и скрытые угрозы для человеческого общества. Изложены рекомендации по профилактике передачи инфекции, вызываемой вирусом Нипах, на всех уровнях: от животных человеку, от человека человеку, в медицинских учреждениях, которые в отсутствие эффективной вакцинопрофилактики и специфического к противовирусного лечения являются основой сдерживания распространения инфекционного процесса. В этой связи принимаемые и планируемые меры по обеспечению больных и контактных лиц адекватной медико-психологической помощью, особенности разработки и внедрения эффективных противоэпидемических, клинико-диагностических алгоритмов, своевременное и качественное проведение социально-гигиенического мониторинга объектов окружающей среды на фоне увеличивающихся биологических угроз как извне, так и внутри страны позволят максимально снизить риски биологических угроз. Лекция предназначена для врачей различных специальностей, включая инфекционистов, эпидемиологов, врачей общей практики, неврологов, психиатров, лабораторной диагностики, радиологов и др.

1. Harit A.K., Ichhpujani R.L., Gupta S. et al. Nipah/Hendra virus outbreak in Siliguri, West Bengal, India in 2001 // Indian J. Med. Res. 2006. Vol. 123, Nо. 4. P. 553–560.

2. McEntire C.R.S., Song K.W., McInnis R.P. et al. Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization’s List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases // Front. Neurol. 2021. Nо. 12. P. 634827. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.634827.

3. Bowden T.A., Aricescu A.R., Gilbert R.J. et al. Structural basis of Nipah and Hendra virus attachment to their cell-surface receptor ephrin-B2 // Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2008. Vol. 15, Nо. 6. P. 567–572. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1435.

4. Anish T.S. Nipah virus is deadly — but smart policy changes can help quell pandemic risk // Nature. 2023. Vol. 622, Nо. 7982. P, 219. doi: 10.1038/d41586-023-03162-8.

5. Prasad A.N., Agans K.N., Sivasubramani S.K. et al. A Lethal Aerosol Exposure Model of Nipah Virus Strain Bangladesh in African Green Monkeys // J. Infect. Dis. 2020. Vol. 21 (Suppl. 4). P. S431–S435. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz469.

6. Broder C.C. Henipavirus outbreaks to antivirals: the current status of potential therapeutics // Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012. Vol. 2, Nо. 2. P. 176– 187. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.016.

7. Broder C.C., Weir D.L., Reid P.A. Hendra virus and Nipah virus animal vaccines // Vaccine. 2016. Vol. 34, Nо. 30, P. 3525–3534. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.075.

8. Singh R.K., Dhama K., Chakraborty S. et al. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies — a comprehensive review // Vet. Q. 2019. Vol. 39, Nо. 1. P. 26–55. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1580827.

9. Chua K.B., Bellini W.J., Rota P.A. et al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus // Science. 2000. Vol. 288, Nо. 5470. P. 1432– 1435. doi: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1432.

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: outbreak of Nipah virus — Malaysia and Singapore, 1999 // Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 1999. Vol. 48, Nо. 16. P. 335–337.

11. Iehle C., Razafitrimo G., Razainirina J. et al. Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats, Madagascar // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007. Vol. 13, Nо. 1. P. 159–161. doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060791.

12. Sun B., Jia L., Liang B. et al. Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral Proteins of Nipah Virus // Virol. Sin. 2018. Vol. 33, Nо. 5, P. 385–393. doi: 10.1007/s12250-018-0050-1.

13. Mackenzie J.S., Chua K.B., Daniels P.W. et al. Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001. Vol. 7 (Suppl. 3). P. 497–504. doi: 10.3201/eid0707.017703.

14. Gokhale M., Sudeep A.B., Mathapati B. et al. Serosurvey for Nipah virus in bat population of southern part of India // Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2022. Nо. 85. P. 101800. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101800.

15. Soman Pillai V., Krishna G., Veettil V.M. Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment // Viruses. 2020. Vol. 12, Nо. 4. P. 465. doi: 10.3390/v12040465.

16. Chua K.B., Goh K.J., Wong K.T. et al. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia // Lancet. 1999. Vol. 354, Nо. 9186. P. 1257–1259. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04299-3.

17. Paton N.I., Leo Y.S., Zaki S.R. et al. Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore // Lancet. 1999. Vol. 354, Nо. 9186. P. 1253–1256. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04379-2.

18. Chua K.B. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia // J. Clin. Virol. 2003. Vol. 26, Nо. 3. P. 265–275. doi: 10.1016/s1386–6532(02)00268–8.

19. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Новости о вспышках болезней. Вирусная инфекция Нипах — Бангладеш (27.02.2024 г.). URL: https://www.who.int/ru/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON508.

20. Field H., Young P., Yob J.M. et al. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses // Microbes Infect. 2001. Vol. 3, Nо. 4. P. 307–314. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01384-3.

21. Luby S.P., Gurley E.S., Hossain M.J. Transmission of human infection with Nipah virus // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009. Vol. 49, Nо. 11. P. 1743– 1748. doi: 10.1086/647951.

22. Epstein J.H., Rahman S.А., Zambriski J.A. et al. Feral cats and risk for Nipah virus transmission // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006. Vol. 12, Nо. 7. P. 1178–1179. doi: 10.3201/eid1207.050799.

23. Luby S.P., Hossain M.J., Gurley E.S. et al. Recurrent zoonotic transmission of Nipah virus into humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007 // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009. Vol. 15, Nо. 8. P. 1229–1235. doi: 10.3201/eid1508.081237.

24. Luby S.P. The pandemic potential of Nipah virus // Antiviral. Res. 2013. Vol. 100, Nо. 1. P. 38–43. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.011.

25. Aljofan M. Hendra and Nipah infection: emerging paramyxoviruses // Virus Res. 2013. Vol. 177, Nо. 2. P. 119–126. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.002.

26. Thomas B., Chandran P., Lilabi M.P. et al. Nipah Virus Infection in Kozhikode, Kerala, South India, in 2018: Epidemiology of an Outbreak of an Emerging Disease // Indian J. Community Med. 2019. Vol. 44, Nо. 4. P. 383–387. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_198_19.

27. Wilson A., Warrier A., Rathish B. Contact tracing: a lesson from the Nipah virus in the time of COVID-19 // Trop. Doct. 2020. Vol. 50, Nо. 3. P. 174–175. doi: 10.1177/0049475520928217.

28. Tan K., Sarji S.A., Tan C.-T. et al. Patients with asymptomatic Nipah virus infection may have abnormal cerebral MR imaging // Neurol. J. Southeast Asia. 2000. Nо. 5. P. 69–73.

29. Tan C.T., Tan K.S. Nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus // J. Infect. Dis. 2001. Vol. 184, Nо. 10. P. 1367. doi: 10.1086/323996.

30. Lee K.E., Umapathi T., Tan C.B. et al. The neurological manifestations of Nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus // Ann. Neurol. 1999. Vol. 46, Nо. 3. P. 428–432.

31. Siva S., Chong H., Tan C. Ten year clinical and serological outcomes of Nipah virus infection // Neurology Asia. 2009, Nо. 14. P. 53–58.

32. Public Health England. Nipah virus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance. 2018. URL: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/nipah-virus-epidemiology-outbreaks-and-guidance#full-publication-update-history.

33. Mandell D. and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases / ed. J. E. Bennett, R. Dolin, M. J. Blaser. 8th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences: 2015, Ch. 163. P. 1974–1980. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-1-00075-6.

34. Kenmoe S., Demanou M., Bigna J.J. et al. Case fatality rate and risk factors for Nipah virus encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis // J. Clin. Virol. 2019, Nо. 117. P. 19–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.05.009.

35. Mounts A.W., Kaur H., Parashar U.D. et al. A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, Malaysia, 1999 // J. Infect. Dis. 2001. Nо. 183. P. 810–813. doi: 10.1086/318822.

36. Chan K.P., Rollin P.E., Ksiazek T.G. et al. A survey of Nipah virus infection among various risk groups in Singapore // Epidemiol. Infect. 2002. Vol. 128, Nо. 1. P. 93–98. doi: 10.1017/s0950268801006422.

37. Hossain M.J., Gurley E.S., Montgomery J.M. et al. Clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in Bangladesh // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 46, Nо. 7. P. 977–984. doi: 10.1086/529147.

38. Luby S.P., Rahman M., Hossain M.J. et al. Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006. Vol. 12, Nо. 12. P. 1888–1894. doi: 10.3201/eid1212.060732.

39. Montgomery J.M., Hossain M.J., Gurley E. et al. Risk factors for Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 14, Nо. 10. P. 1526–1532. doi: 10.3201/eid1410.060507.

40. Rahman M.A., Hossain M.J., Sultana S. et al. Date palm sap linked to Nipah virus outbreak in Bangladesh, 2008 // Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012. Vol. 12, Nо. 1. P. 65–72. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0656.

41. Sazzad H.M., Hossain M.J., Gurley E.S. et al. Nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpse-to-human transmission, Bangladesh // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013. Vol. 19, Nо. 2. P. 210–217. doi: 10.3201/eid1902.120971.

42. , Yob J.M., Field H., Rashdi A.M. et al. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001. Vol. 7, Nо. 3. P. 439–441. doi: 10.3201/eid0703.010312.

43. Epstein J.H., Prakash V., Smith C.S. et al. Henipavirus infec tion in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008. Vol. 14, Nо. 8. P. 1309–1311. doi: 10.3201/eid1408.071492.

44. Khan S.U., Gurley E.S., Hossain M.J. et al. A randomized controlled trial of interventions to impede date palm sap contamination by bats to prevent Nipah virus transmission in Bangladesh // PLoS One. 2012. Vol. 7, Nо. 8. e42689. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042689.

45. Kerry R.G., Malik S., Redda Y.T. et al. Nano-based approach to combat emerging viral (NIPAH virus) infection // Nanomedicine. 2019, Nо. 18. P. 196–220. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.03.004.

46. Ochani R.K., Batra S., Shaikh A., Asad A. Nipah virus — the rising epidemic: a review // Infez. Med. 2019. Vol. 27, Nо. 2. P. 117–127.

47. Parashar U.D., Sunn L.M., Ong F. et al. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998–1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia // J. Infect. Dis. 2000. Vol. 181, Nо. 5. P. 1755–1759. doi: 10.1086/315457.

48. Wong K.T., Shieh W.J., Kumar S. et al. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis // Am. J. Pathol. 2002. Vol. 161, Nо. 6. P. 2153–2167. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64493-8.

49. Goh K.J., Tan C.T., Chew N.K. et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia // N. Engl. J. Med. 2000. Vol. 342, Nо. 17. P. 1229–1235. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200004273421701.

50. Tan C.T., Chua K.B. Nipah virus encephalitis // Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2008. Vol. 10, Nо. 4. P. 315–320. doi: 10.1007/s11908-008-0051-6.

51. Ang B.S.P., Lim T.C.C., Wang L. Nipah Virus Infection // J. Clin. Microbiol. 2018. Vol. 56, Nо. 6. e01875–17. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01875–17.

52. Chandni R., Renjith T.P., Fazal A. et al. Clinical Manifestations of Nipah Virus-Infected Patients Who Presented to the Emergency Department During an Outbreak in Kerala State in India, May 2018 // Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020. Vol. 71, Nо. 1. P. 152–157. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz789.

53. Ong K.C., Wong K.T. Henipavirus Encephalitis: Recent Developments and Advances // Brain Pathol. 2015. Vol. 25, Nо. 5. P. 605–613. doi: 10.1111/bpa.12278.

54. Tan C.T., Goh K.J., Wong K.T. et al. Relapsed and late-onset Nipah encephalitis // Ann. Neurol. 2002. Vol. 51, Nо. 6. P. 703–708. doi: 10.1002/ana.10212.

55. Yadav P.D., Sahay R.R., Balakrishnan A. et al. Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic // Front. Public Health. 2022. Nо. 10. P. 818545. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818545.

56. Lim C.C., Sitoh Y.Y., Hui F. et al. Nipah viral encephalitis or Japanese encephalitis? MR findings in a new zoonotic disease // Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2000. Vol. 21, Nо. 3. P. 455–461.

57. Arunkumar G., Chandni R., Mourya D.T. et al. Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018 // J. Infect. Dis. 2019. Vol. 219, Nо. 12. P. 1867–1878. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy612.

58. Anam A.M., Ahmad J., Huq S.M.R., Rabbani R. Nipah virus encephalitis: MRI findings // J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb. 2019. Vol. 49, Nо. 3. P. 227–228. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2019.312.

59. Ng B.Y., Lim C.C., Yeoh A., Lee W.L. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of Nipah virus encephalitis // J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004. Vol. 16, Nо. 4. P. 500–504. doi: 10.1176/jnp.16.4.500.

60. Lim C.C., Lee K.E., Lee W.L. et al. Nipah virus encephalitis: serial MR study of an emerging disease // Radiology. 2002. Vol. 222, Nо. 1. P. 219– 226. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2221010499.

61. Bradel-Tretheway B.G., Zamora J.L.R., Stone J.A. et al. Nipah and Hendra Virus Glycoproteins Induce Comparable Homologous but Distinct Heterologous Fusion Phenotypes // J. Virol. 2019. Vol. 93, Nо. 13. e00577–19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00577-19.

62. Sarji S.A., Abdullah B.J., Goh K.J. et al. MR imaging features of Nipah encephalitis // Am. J. Roentgenol. 2000. Vol. 175, Nо. 2. P. 437–442. doi: 10.2214/ajr.175.2.1750437.

63. Sejvar J.J., Hossain J., Saha S.K. et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection // Ann. Neurol. 2007. Vol. 62, Nо. 3. P. 235–242. doi: 10.1002/ana.21178.

64. Hsu V.P., Hossain M.J., Parashar U.D. et al. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004. Vol. 1 0, Nо. 12. P. 2082–2087. doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040701.

65. Steffen D.L., Xu K., Nikolov D.B., Broder C.C. Henipavirus mediated membrane fusion, virus entry and targeted therapeutics // Viruses. 2012. Vol. 4, Nо. 2. P. 280–308. doi: 10.3390/v4020280.

66. Halpin K., Hyatt A.D., Fogarty R. et al. Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission // Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011. Vol. 85, Nо. 5. P. 946–951. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0567.

67. Xia H., Huang Y., Ma H. et al. Biosafety Level 4 Laboratory User Training Program, China // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2019. Vol. 25, Nо. 5. e180220. doi: 10.3201/eid2505.180220.

68. Федеральный закон РФ от 30.12.2020 г. № 492-ФЗ «О биологической безопасности в Российской Федерации» [Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2020 No. 492-FZ «On biological safety in the Russian Federation» (In Russ.)]. URL: https://rg.ru/documents/2021/01/11/bio-dok.html.

69. Практическое руководство по биологической безопасности в лабораторных условиях. 4-е изд. Женева: Всемирная организация здравоохранения; 2023. 133 с. URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/365602/9789240059283-rus.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

70. Gibney B. Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory (RIPL). Specimen referral guidelines and service user manual. UKHSA Porton Version 28, April 2024, Q-Pulse SPATH039. UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury: Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, 2024. 37 p. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65fd905ff1d3a0001132ae15/SPATH039-RIPL-user-manual-April-2024-version-28.pdf

71. Sazzad H.M., Luby S.P., Stroher U. et al. Exposure-based screening for Nipah virus encephalitis, Bangladesh // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015. Vol. 21, Nо. 2. P. 349–351. doi: 10.3201/eid2102.141129.

72. Chiang C.F., Lo M.K., Rota P.A. et al. Use of monoclonal antibodies against Hendra and Nipah viruses in an antigen capture ELISA // Virol. J. 2010. Nо. 7. P, 115. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-115.

73. Tiong V., Lam C.W., Phoon W.H. et al. Serum from Nipah Virus Patients Recognises Recombinant Viral Proteins Produced in Escherichia coli // Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2017. Vol. 70, Nо. 1. P. 26–31. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.501.

74. Fischer K., Diederich S., Smith G. et al. Indirect ELISA based on Hendra and Nipah virus proteins for the detection of henipavirus specific antibodies in pigs // PLoS One. 2018. Vol. 13, Nо. 4. e0194385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194385.

75. Wang L.F., Daniels P. Diagnosis of henipavirus infection: current capabilities and future directions // Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol. 2012. Nо. 359. P. 179–196. doi: 10.1007/82_2012_215.

76. Kulkarni D.D., Tosh C., Venkatesh G., Senthil Kumar D. Nipah virus infection: current scenario // Indian J. Virol. 2013. Vol. 24, Nо. 3. P. 398– 408. doi: 10.1007/s13337-013-0171-y.

77. Daniels P., Ksiazek T., Eaton B.T. Laboratory diagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infections // Microbes Infect. 2001. Vol. 3, Nо. 4. P. 289– 295. doi: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01382-x.

78. Chadha M.S., Comer J.A., Lowe L. et al. Nipah virus associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006. Vol. 12, Nо. 2. P. 235–240. doi: 10.3201/eid1202.051247.

79. Chua K.B., Lam S.K., Tan C.T. et al. High mortality in Nipah encephalitis is associated with presence of virus in cerebro spinal fluid // Ann. Neurol. 2000. Vol. 48, Nо. 5. P. 802–880.

80. Alam A.M. Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis // Clin. Med. (Lond). 2022. Vol. 22, Nо. 4. P. 348–352. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2022-0166.

81. Pallister J., Middleton D., Crameri G. et al. Chloroquine administration does not prevent Nipah virus infection and disease in ferrets // J. Virol. 2009. Vol. 83, Nо. 22. P. 11979–11982. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01847-09.

82. Freiberg A.N., Worthy M.N., Lee B., Holbrook M.R. Combined chloroquine and ribavirin treatment does not prevent death in a hamster model of Nipah and Hendra virus infection // J. Gen. Virol. 2010. Nо. 91 (Pt. 3). P. 765–772. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.017269-0.

83. Chong H.T., Kamarulzaman A., Tan C.T. et al. Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin // Ann. Neurol. 2001. Vol. 49, Nо. 6. P. 810– 813. doi: 10.1002/ana.1062.

84. Georges-Courbot M.C., Contamin H., Faure C. et al. Poly(I)- poly(C12U) but not ribavirin prevents death in a hamster model of Nipah virus infection // Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006. Vol. 50, Nо. 5. P. 1768–1772. doi: 10.1128/AAC.50.5.1768-1772.2006.

85. Zhu Z., Dimitrov A.S., Bossart K.N. et al. Potent neutraliza tion of Hendra and Nipah viruses by human monoclonal antibodies // J. Virol. 2006. Vol. 80, Nо. 2. P. 891–899. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.2.891-899.2006.

86. Bossart K.N., Zhu Z., Middleton D. et al. A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute Nipah virus infection // PLoS Pathog. 2009. Vol. 5, Nо. 10. e1000642. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000642.

87. Gurley E.S., Montgomery J.M., Hossain M.J. et al. Person-to person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community // Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007. Vol. 13, Nо. 7. P. 1031–1037. doi: 10.3201/eid1307.061128.

88. Bird B.H., Mazet J.A.K. Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach // Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2018. Nо. 6. P. 121–139. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014628.

89. The Lancet. Nipah virus control needs more than R&D // Lancet. 2018. Vol. 391, Nо. 10137. P. 2295. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31264-9.

90. Johnson K., Vu M., Freiberg A.N. Recent advances in combating Nipah virus // Fac. Rev. 2021. Nо. 10. P. 74. doi: 10.12703/r/10-74.

91. Gomez Roman R., Wang L.F., Lee B. et al. Nipah@20: Lessons Learned from Another Virus with Pandemic Potential // mSphere. 2020. Vol. 5, Nо. 4. e00602–20. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00602-20.

92. World Health Organization. Prioritizing Diseases for Research and Development in Emergency Contexts. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts.

93. Banerjee S., Gupta N., Kodan P. et al. Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease // Intractable Rare Dis. Res. 2019. Vol. 8, Nо. 1. P. 1– 8. doi: 10.5582/irdr.2018.01130.

94. Yadav P.D., Raut C.G., Shete A.M. et al. Detection of Nipah virus RNA in fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India // Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012. Vol. 87, Nо. 3. P. 576–578. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0416.

95. Hassan M.Z., Shirin T., Satter S.M. et al. Nipah virus disease: what can we do to improve patient care? // Lancet Infect. Dis. 2024. S1473- 3099(23)00707-7. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00707-7.