This review presents the main pathological conditions of the hematopoietic system that occur in patients with HIV infection, which are associated with both the main disease and secondary diseases and comorbidity (viral hepatitis, mycobacterial, herpes, cytomegalovirus infections, pneumocystis pneumonia, fungal and oncological diseases), as well as a number of medications often used in this category of patients. The article describes possible mechanisms of hematological disorders, the most adequate and complete methods for diagnosing this disorders and the causes of them. The main clinical symptoms accompanying these conditions are considered, as well as possible ways and variants of correction. The publication uses data from cohort, large randomized international studies and results obtained by domestic authors.

The first part of this review has been published in the previous issue of this journal. The second part addresses tumor location, prevention, and treatment. Any further development of HIV epidemic will be associated with that tumor prevalence will increase. Further interdisciplinary research aimed at improving the control of malignancies in HIV patients is thus warranted.

Literature on current approaches to ART for HIV; control of HIV resistance to ART; and virologic and clinical criteria for ART and on the evaluation of ART regimens limited to monotherapy or the use of two ART drugs is reviewed. Viral load below 50 RNA copies per 1 mL is the most important criterion of ART efficacy and provides for preventing HIV resistance to ART. Simplified ART regimens make it possible to reduce adverse events and drug interactions; to enhance adherence to therapy; and to decrease the cost of ART. Such regimens are applicable to patients who show viral load suppression below 50 mL–1 upon standard three-component ART regimens; never had severe immunosuppression (CD4 T-cell counts below 200 mL–1); are highly adherent to therapy; and are under strict virological monitoring.

The aim of the present study was to find ways for HIV screening optimization by updating the algorithm of screening. The study involved 89 HIV patients tested with ELISA; ECLIA and immunoblot assays. In 26 cases; viral load was also quantified using RT-PCR. The results show that immunoblot applicability is limited in patients with acute HIV infection. Under certain conditions; immunochemical screening tests may not need further immunoblot confirmation. The results suggest that ECLIA may have a quantitative «diagnostic cutoff».

ELISA was used to assess serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in liver cirr- hosis patients referred to Child-Pugh Classes A, B, and C. Increasing the grade of liver cirrhosis was associated with a trend to increa- ses in serum IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-a within reference values, except for IL-6 in Class C patients whose sera contained 14,89±4,96 pg/ml IL-6 (range: 9,94 to 25,21 pg/ml), which is above reference values. Class A cirrhosis features a negative correlation between TNF-a and IL-6 levels (r=-0,421), whereas Class B cirrhosis features a positive correlation between TNF-a and IL-2 (r=0,421).

Sverdlovsk Oblast is among regions featuring high levels of HIV incidence and prevalence. The present paper describes a mat- hematical model of HIV spread up to the year 2025. Changes in the sizes of population groups featuring different levels of HIV contraction, i.e. core risk group (injection drug users), bridging groups, and the general population, have been assessed. The model is based on a system of linear differential equations that capture HIV transmission in a population with account of risk group vulnerability to HIV and of weighted coefficients of contact rates between subjects referred to different risk groups. To estimate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at controlling the spread of HIV, sensitivity analysis using Monte-Carlo method was carried out. The modelling suggests that preventive and therapeutic interventions undertaken in Sverdlovsk Oblast slowed down HIV spread and reduced HIV prevalence in the year 2014 compared with 2013.

In this paper analyzed the publications of international databases HighWire, PubMed, Google Scholar in the period 1981–2016 years. Proposed an original classification models. All the basic mathematical models developed for the human immunodeficiency virus are categorized into 2 levels: organism and population. The organism level is divided into models of virus and human interaction (HIV replication, study of the kinetics of viral population in the development of the disease, the molecular mechanisms of inte- raction with immune cells) and models of the inhibitory effect of anti-retroviral drugs (simulations of different therapeutic schemes, the development of resistance mutations HIV in cell reservoirs, treatment as a preventive measure). The population level can be divided into models of spread of HIV in a population (the circulation of different genotypes of HIV, the analysis of human population structure by age, sex and risk of contingent and trends in different geographical areas, the study of factors contributing to the spread of HIV infection) and management models, making the most effective use of health care system resources for the counteract the epidemic (preventive work analysis, evaluation of the economic costs of screening, therapeutic activities, forecasting the socio-eco- nomic impact). The authors consider the most significant achievements of each of these groups, and highlight unresolved problems

To evaluate public HIV awareness and to reveal HIV cases, 3500 subjects who were not obliged by law to pass examinations were interviewed and tested for HIV. This investigation was carried out by mobile groups outside of health care institutions among target population groups and employees of different enterprises in eight municipalities of Primosrkiy Region. Interviews associated with counselling and discussions were conducted before and after HIV tests. On a whole, the subjects showed acceptable awareness of HIV epidemiology and prevention issues; however, a high rate of wrong answers in questionnaires (18,7%) was noticed among people aged 30 to 49 years who in recent years were predominant among newly found HIV cases in Primorskiy Region. This finding should be taken into accounted in the designs of preventive and educational interventions. HIV detection rate among people who are not obliged by law to pass HIV testing has been found to amount to 0,08%. Twenty-nine percent of study subjects believe that preventive voluntary screening for HIV should be more available.

Study objective: To characterize chronic viral hepatitis C epidemic in the districts of the Northwest Federal Region and in the region as a whole. Materials and methods: Analysis of state statistics about infectious diseases in the Russian Federation as presented in Form No. 1 «Information on Infectious and Invasion Diseases» and in statistical tables developed at Methodological and Research Canter for Epidemiological Surveillance of Viral Hepatitis under Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Results: In 1996–2006, chronic hepatitis C incidence in the Northwest Federal Region was several times higher than in the Russian Federation on average. The minimum and maximum rates of newly found hepatitis C cases were 17,2о/оооо in Pskov Oblast and 93,5о/оооо in Saint Petersburg. The highest prevalence levels in all districts and in the whole region were found in the age group of 20 to 49 years. Hepatitis C prevalence in the Northwest Region is 1,7 times higher than in the Russian Federation on average (680,2о/оооо vs. 388,8о/оооо). In the year 2015 compared with 2014, the proportion of diagnoses confirmed with serological and molecular biological tests increased from 35,6 to 81,2%. However, in Leningrad Oblast, the proportion of diagnoses based solely on blood HVC antibodies increased from 57,5% to 73,1%. In Karelia, molecular biological tests were not used in 100% of cases. Conclusion: The high number of hepatitis C patients who may produce new HVC cases warrants strict registering and outpatient follow-up of infected persons and people who contacts with them at specialized clinics. The involvement of young and middle age people in HVC epidemic is prone with the formation of a population having liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which makes it expedient to develop programs of antiviral therapy aimed at preventing the unfavorable outcomes of chronic viral hepatitis.

Health care advances and problems related to HIV control in Russia are evaluated. Regional differences in HIV incidence make a basis for distinguishing «typical», «previously dormant», and «hot» territories. Each type features a dominant combination of HIV transmission factors, which include drug addiction, low awareness of HIV, geographical and ethnic peculiarities, economical underdevelopment, migration etc. In spite of decades of HAART, HIV-related mortality is still high. The comorbid forms of HIV infection are characterized. They are associated primarily with drug addiction, chronic hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and other opportunistic infections. Because of the lack of specialists in HIV infection, non-specialist doctors are recruited for dealing with HIV cases; therefore, more attention to HIV-related medical training is warranted. Domestic ART is deficient in modern therapies including means for treating the comorbid forms of HIV infection

The HIV and antiretroviral therapy impact on bone mineral density is actively researched all over the world. In this report the review of modern publications about HIV infected patients bone biomarkers response to different antiretroviral drugs is presented.