Tuberculosis is common in all regions of the World. According to WHO, in 2016, 476 774 people with tuberculosis had a positive HIV status, which was 7,5% of all cases. About 374 thousand of them died from tuberculosis infection (WHO, 2017). In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in the Russian Federation. According to the Federal Monitoring Center for Tuberculosis, number of people with HIV infection has doubled. The article presents an overview of the epidemic indicators of tuberculosis and HIV infection in Russia and the world, difficulties of diagnosis of tuberculosis in combination with co-infection, as well as new laboratory and immunological methods that are currently used in the world and national practice to detect tuberculosis infection. 

Relevant internet resources including PubMed were used to review data accumulated during the last decade concerning the effects of alcohol on the epidemiology, course, and treatment of HIV infection. 

Goal: The effectiveness of treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis, combined with HIV infection in the TB facility of the Federal Penitentiary Service. Materials and methods. 81 men with drug-sensitive tuberculosis with HIV co-infection. Age: from 20 to 49. Results. In 50% of patients with drug-susceptible tuberculosis, co-infected with HIV in a TB institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service, bacterial excretion will be stopped by microscopy and sowing for 3 and 2 months using first-line or combination first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in the initial regimen, respectively. The decay cavities will be closed for 5 months with initial treatment only first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and 3 months for initial treatment with a combination of first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. 

In article the case of inaccurate diagnosis of tuberculosis at the patient with HIV infection of a stage 4B is described. Low level of knowledge of pulmonologists, both in diagnosis of tuberculosis, and in other diseases of respiratory organs is shown. As a result at a pathomorphologic research pnevmotsistny pneumonia and a diffuse non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma were found in the patient. 

The aim of the study was to present the social and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of HIV infected women who gave birth to children. Materials and methods. The study included 118 women (138 pregnancies) registered for HIV infection in the Grodno region of the Republic of Belarus from 1996 to 2016, which were divided into 3 groups: the 1-st group — 63 (53,4%) women (77 pregnancies) with HIV infection diagnosed during pregnancy; 2-nd — 43 (36,4%) women (47 pregnancies), who knew about the diagnosis, 3-rd — 12 (10,2%) women (14 pregnancies), who learned about the diagnosis of HIV infection after childbirth. The package Statistica v. 10.0 was used. Results. HIV infected pregnant women more often in ages between of 20 and 34 (89,8%). The leading route of HIV transmission is sexual (86,4%). Among them, 39,8% were unemployed, 47,5% were unmarried, and 4,2% were in prison. In 88% of women, the pregnancy occurred against the background of stage 1-st of HIV infection. Mortality from HIV was 11%. Prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV was carried out in 85,5% of cases. The frequency of congenital HIV infection in children of the first group of women was 3,8% (3 children), in the third group − 64,3% (9 children). Conclusions. Factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes are undiagnosed HIV infection at the time of pregnancy and childbirth, severe course of HIV infection in the mother. 

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of hepatitis B in Europe, Russia and St. Petersburg, to assess the current epidemic trends of chronic hepatitis B in pregnant women in St. Petersburg and to determine the genetic variants of HBV circulating among them. Materials and methods. In this paper, we analyzed the rates of detection of HBsAg in Europe, Russia and St. Petersburg. Additionally, the HBsAg detection frequency in pregnant women in St. Petersburg was analyzed. Moreover, to study the heterogeneity of HBV in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B in SPb, plasma samples from 13 patients were examined. HBV DNA was isolated from the blood plasma using the commercial kit AmpliPrime Ribo-Prep following the manufacturer’s protocol. Results and discussion. The incidence of HBsAg detection in pregnant women in St. Petersburg was higher than the morbidity rate in the 18–39 age group in the general population. The study revealed the circulation of 4 subgenotypes: A2, D1, D2, D3 and one recombinant form of A/D. Conclusion. Despite some positive trends, the epidemic situation with hepatitis B in pregnant women in St. Petersburg remains serious. Since there are significant differences between HBV genotypes with respect to clinical features, to the response to antiviral therapy, as well as regarding the risk of a vertical transmission, it is advisable to determine the HBV genotype in broader groups of patients. 

Study objective: To study the personal traits of HIV patients relevant to supporting their adherence to outpatient ART and follow-up and to evaluate an abridged version of five-factor questionnaire designed to assess relationships between the personal traits of HIV patients and their adherence to HIV treatment. Materials and methods: The study was carried out under real clinical practice conditions. Interviewing and a five-factor questionnaire were presented to 76 HIV patients, including 38 women, followed-up at Saint-Petersburg Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases. Patients’ adherence to treatment and follow-up was evaluated one year later. Results: Patients’ adherence to medical treatment and follow-up is influenced by personal traits. Among women, positive associations of adherence to medical treatment and follow-up with the factors «cooperation» (R=0,584), «self-awareness» (R=0,496), and «personal inner resources» (R=0,446) were found. Among men, positive associations with «personal inner resources» (R=0,543), «self-awareness» (R=0,390), and «cooperation» (R=0,329) and a negative association with «emotional stability» (R=-0,528) were found. Conclusion: Developing of adherence to medical follow-up and treatment may be hampered in HIV patients by preference for solitude and reluctance to social activity (novel contacts) and by poor willpower and motivation to reach recognized goals. The use of the abridged version of five-factor questionnaire for preparing HIV patients to ART is admissible in express assessments of potential adherence to treatment for timely detection of patients in need for psychological support. 

The Samara region belongs to the high-ranking HIV regions of the Russian Federation, in which the incidence rate exceeds 1% of the population. Objective: analysis of the epidemiological situation of HIV in the Samara region. Material and methods. Official statistics of HIV infection registration in the area for 1987–2016 are analyzed. Results. In recent years, the dynamics of the incidence of HIV infection is characterized by stabilization, there are no high peaks in morbidity. The epidemic process is concentrated among the population aged 26–40 years. An increase in the proportion of women, as well as an increase in the number of children born from HIV infected mothers, has been noted. The conclusion. An analysis of the epidemiological situation in the region shows the need for improving activities, primarily preventive measures among the population of middle age, women and children. 

Study objective: To analyze mortality and lethality among HIV patients in Siberian Federal Region and their changes in total and by gender, social factors, causes of death, and ART and its effects and adherence to it. All parameters were highly variable during the study period; however, a general tread to their increases was revealed. Lethal cases were most frequent among male IDUs aged 35–39 years at AIDS stage. With regard to social factors, most vulnerable to death are unemployed subjects who have no access to ART or are not adherent to it. The leading factor of lethality among HIV patients is mycobacterial infections including tuberculosis. 

Study objective: To evaluate the organization of HIV screening and its significance for controlling HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Russia. Materials: Statistical records according to the Form 4 and personal data by the Form 266u-88 related to the years 2000–2016 and the results of sentinel serologic epidemiological studies carried out by 13 territorial Centers for Prevention and Control of AIDS in Southern Russia. Methods: Raw data were treated using MS Office software and F4 and Kvik program utilities. Results: Trends to increases in the involvement of the population of Southern Russia in HIV testing and to increases in new HIV cases detection and the variabilities of these trends by regions were revealed. The prevalence of vulnerable subpopulations, including drug addicts, homo- and bisexuals, STD patients, and prisoners, was about 4%; however, they accounted for more than 25% of newly detected HIV cases. The low involvement of these subpopulations in HIV screening precludes finding out hidden HIV patient cohorts for adequate preventive and anti-epidemic interventions. Non-coherence of the results of reports by the Form 4 and of epidemiological studies with regard to seropositive blood samples suggests that the obligatory pretest counselling is inadequate for revealing the personal traits of subjects intended for HIV testing. This is another indication of the need for sentinel serologic epidemiological studies involving population groups most vulnerable to HIV. Such studies has been carried out only in three territories of Southern Russia. The data obtained in the studies show that HIV prevalence in vulnerable groups is significantly higher than HIV detection rates suggested by Form 4 reports. Measures for improving the organization of HIV screening in Southern Russia are proposed. 

Aim: to conduct an analysis of the HIV infection management system adopted in the Russian Federation, to formulate the basic principles of optimization of this model for epidemiological and economic indicators. Materials and methods: the methods of system analysis were used in the work. The decomposition of the existing HIV management system into structural components made it possible to identify the most informative data collected in the standard Center of AIDS prevention. The optimal criteria for the management of the epidemic process of HIV infection have been determined, and functional links have been established between the parameters necessary to increase the efficiency available in the practical healthcare system. Results: the data with information sufficiency (sex, age, etc.) and redundancy (social groups, contingents of the surveyed population) were identified. The main principle of optimization of the HIV management system is formulated: to distribute the available financial resources, personnel, material resources between screening, treatment activities and preventive work in such a way that the rate of growth of new cases of infection is maximally close to zero (for a given level of funding). To develop such a system requires a mathematical model of the epidemic process. The principle of developing such a model: the use of data available in practical public health services, the possibility of adaptation to any territory with certain epidemiological features. The output should be the calculation of the optimal distribution of available financial resources, the forecast for the development of the epidemic in this distribution and the determination of the minimum amount necessary, at which the rate of epidemic development will acquire a negative trend. The structure of such a model, the required parameters and methods of mathematical modeling are described. 

From July 23 to July 26, 2017, the 9th Scientific and Practical Conference on HIV was held in Paris (France) on the initiative of the International AIDS Society (IAS) and the French National Agency for AIDS Research (ANRS). The latest scientific developments in the field of HIV research were presented, with an emphasis on translating scientific achievements into practice and the development of science in the context of politics. Particular attention was paid to innovative approaches aimed at reducing immune activation, which are a priority in the strategy for the treatment of HIV infection and in improving care for HIV infected patients. One of the key topics of the conference was the use of new long-acting antiretroviral drugs, as well as preparations with nanoparticles. The researchers reported that the monthly use of the vaginal ring and daily per oral in-taking (Truvada) was safe and acceptable for adolescents. The main focus was on preventing HIV infection. An online study conducted in Europe showed a low level of knowledge about PrEP among risk groups, while high interest in PrEP is emphasized, but low coverage. Significant interest was caused by the results of patients who, after reaching undetectable viremia, stopped taking ARV drugs for approximately 210 days in the first case and 8 years in the second. Experts note the high prevalence of HIV infection among transgender women and anxiety about the problems associated with the spread of drugs in this environment, which may negatively affect their adherence to treatment. The scientific conference has acquired an unexpected political overtones: scientists fear a reduction in the funding of international programs to fight HIV and AIDS by the US. In 2016, thanks to public funding and private investment, it was possible to take in more than $ 19 billion to fight HIV and AIDS. It lacks about 7 billion to achieve the goals set by the UN by 2020. 

HIV infection and immunosuppressive conditions. Epidemiology and modern strategies advanced and comorbld forms of HIV infection.